Abstract
The most widely studied surface systems are those of metals. One important aim of the characterization of clean metal surfaces is to produce suitable substrates for adsorption studies. Sequences of low-index surfaces have been investigated such as (111), (100), and (110) of fcc metals (e.g. Cu, Ni, Pt) and (110), (100), (111), and (112) of bcc metals (e.g. W). In the early studies, for most clean metal surfaces the lateral periodicity has been found to be identical to that of a parallel plane in the bulk. This conclusion was in general based on the observation that the LEED diffraction pattern did not contain any other diffraction spots than those expected from the ideal periodicity [(111)
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Further Reading
Bechstedt F., Enderlein R.: Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces (Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1988)
Mönch W.: Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces, 3rd ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2001)
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Bechstedt, F. (2003). Reconstruction Elements. In: Principles of Surface Physics. Advanced Texts in Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55466-7_4
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