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Impact Decompression Melting: A Possible Trigger for Impact Induced Volcanism and Mantle Hotspots ?

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Impact Markers in the Stratigraphic Record

Part of the book series: Impact Studies ((IMPACTSTUD))

Abstract

We examine the potential for decompression melting beneath a large terrestrial impact crater, as a mechanism for generating sufficent quantity of melt to auto-obliterate the crater. Decompression melting of the sub-crater mantle may initiate almost instantaneously, but the effects of such a massive melting event may trigger long-lived mantle up-welling or an impact plume (I-plume) that could potentially resemble a mantle hotspot. The energy released is largely derived from gravitational energy and is outside (but additive to) the conventional calculations of impact modelling, where energy is derived solely from the kinetic energy of the impacting projectile, be it comet or asteroid; therefore the empirical correlation between total melt volume and crater size will no longer apply, but instead be nonlinear above some threshold size, depending strongly on the thermal structure of the lithosphere. We use indicative hydrocode simulations (AUTODYNE-2D) to identify regions of decompression beneath a dynamic large impact crater, (calculated as P-Lithostatic P) using SPH and Lagrangian solvers. The volume of melting due to decompression is then estimated from comparison with experimental phase relations for the upper mantle and depends on the geotherm. We suggest that the volume of melt produced by a 20 km iron projectile travelling at 10 km/s into hot oceanic lithosphere may be comparable to a Large Igneous Province (LIP ~106 km3). The mantle melts will have plume-like geochemical signatures, and rapid mixing of melts from sub-horizontal sub-crater reservoirs to depths where garnet and/or diamond is stable is possible. Direct coupling between impacts and volcanism is therefore a possibility that should be considered with respect to global stratigraphic events in the geological record. Maximum melting would be produced in young oceanic lithosphere and could produce oceanic plateaus, such as the Ontong Java plateau at ~120 Ma. The end-Permian Siberian Traps, are also proposed to be the result of volcanism triggered by a major impact at ~250 Ma, onto continental or oceanic crust. Auto-obliteration by volcanism of all craters larger than ~200 km would explain their anomalous absence on Earth compared with other terrestrial planets in the solar system. This model provides a potential explanation for the formation of komatiites and other high degree partial melts. Impact reprocessing of parts of the upper mantle via impact plumes is consistent with models of planetary accretion after the late heavy bombardment and provides an alternative explanation for most primitive geochemical signatures currently attributed to plumes as originating from the deep mantle or outer core.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

    Adrian P. Jones, David G. Price, Paul S. DeCarli & Neville Price

  2. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA

    Paul S. DeCarli

  3. Dynamics House, Hurst Road, Horsham, W Sussex, RH12 2DT, UK

    Richard Clegg

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  1. Adrian P. Jones
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  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Christian Koeberl

  2. Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Campus Fuentenueva, 18002, Granada, Spain

    Francisca C. Martínez-Ruiz

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Jones, A.P., Price, D.G., DeCarli, P.S., Price, N., Clegg, R. (2003). Impact Decompression Melting: A Possible Trigger for Impact Induced Volcanism and Mantle Hotspots ?. In: Koeberl, C., Martínez-Ruiz, F.C. (eds) Impact Markers in the Stratigraphic Record. Impact Studies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55463-6_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55463-6_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62457-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-55463-6

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