Abstract
The reality of international politics has rapidly grown in complexity. This complexity has been pressuring the discipline of International Relations (IR) to engage with new phenomena, concerns, and issue areas, and to translate them into innovative theorizations. Science and technology is one of these issues. Contemporary human life is tied to and thoroughly permeated by artifacts, technical systems and infrastructures, making it hard to imagine any international or global issue that does not have technological or scientific aspects. However, this condition remains fundamentally challenging for many approaches within IR, in which instead science and technology have been largely treated as exogenous. Although an increasing number of IR scholars is exploring the roles scientific practices and technological systems play in international affairs and global politics, the subject matter deserves much more systematic scrutiny. The following chapter articulates the conceptual, intellectual and academic contexts of this two-volume collection on the Global Politics of Science and Technology. After pointing out general normative challenges and briefly problematizing global technological transformations, we recapitulate the evolving IR scholarship on the topic. We argue that, although most IR theories do not grant science and technology a genuine conceptual place, there is enough research to document and reconstruct the breadth and depth of the vivid, yet unrecognized subfield of IR. While the further development of this subfield would greatly benefit from interdisciplinary conversations, we propose the notion of techno-politics to indicate how the discipline might rearticulate existing analytical frameworks, establish innovative conceptualizations, and advance new concerns for research.
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Notes
- 1.
Precursors include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ivan Illich’s work on energy, Ernst Friedrich Schumacher’s notion of “appropriate technology” and Masanobu Fukuoka’s insights about farming.
- 2.
Dinerstein (2006: 578) labels this discursive ensemble as “fusion of progress, technology, and religion” structuring Euro-American identity.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
Brian Schmidt’s (1998) alternative hagiography of IR indicates that scholars were much earlier quite aware of the importance of technology for world affairs.
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- 10.
- 11.
Securitization theory, for instance, eclipses technological or material elements of reality (McDonald 2008).
- 12.
Poststructuralism nevertheless can involve a subtler reading of materiality than other IR theories would allow for (see Jasanoff 2004b).
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For instance, David Held et al. (1999) mention in the last pages of their monumental volume Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture that “the immense increase in global and regional interactions of all kinds has been supported by a series of transformations in the infrastructures of global interaction.” However, they also claim that "the invention of these technologies is not sufficient by itself to account for their deployment, use and growth; but their contribution to both the increased volume and transformed character of contemporary globalization is undeniable.” (1999: 428) Apart from a few comments on military infrastructures, Global Transformations does not dedicate a single entire page to the technological world. Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations is another case in point. While Huntington critically notes that the expansion of the western civilization was owed to military superiority (1997: 51), he prefers to tie his line of arguments into culture, religion, and identity rather than relating it to a technological world.
- 15.
- 16.
See Herrera (2003) and Fritsch (2014, in this volume) for an elaboration of this argument.
- 17.
See Bueger (2014, in this volume) for an overview.
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- 19.
See Wullweber (2014, in this volume) for an overview.
- 20.
- 21.
An insight, that speaks to early realist explorations of spatiality and power (e.g. Carr 1942; Ogborn 1949).
- 22.
- 23.
The introduction of the companion volume provides detailed chapter summaries.
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Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to Douglas Howland, Anna Agathangelou, Peer Schouten, and Christian Bueger for their insightful comments and helpful suggestions. They were instrumental for writing this introductory chapter.
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Mayer, M., Carpes, M., Knoblich, R. (2014). The Global Politics of Science and Technology: An Introduction. In: Mayer, M., Carpes, M., Knoblich, R. (eds) The Global Politics of Science and Technology - Vol. 1. Global Power Shift. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55007-2_1
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