Abstract
One of the most appealing characteristics of an athletic male body is a well-defined pectoral area (Fig. 9.1). The aesthetic standards for the male chest are strongly correlated with the shape and development of the pectoralis muscles. Abnormal fat deposition in the chest, gynecomastia, trauma, and congenital abnormalities distort the normal anatomy and are a common motivation to perform reshaping surgery. In addition, underdevelopment of the male chest musculature seems to be a result of modern urban lifestyle choices, including increased calorie intake, lack of physical activity, and resistance exercises. Most of the treatment options are focused on correcting the chest deficiencies and deformities.
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Hoyos, A.E., Prendergast, P.M. (2014). Male Chest. In: High Definition Body Sculpting. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54891-8_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54891-8_9
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