Abstract
The development of the human brain and spinal cord may be divided into several phases, each of which is characterized by particular developmental disorders. After implantation, formation and separation of the germ layers occur, followed by dorsal and ventral induction phases, and phases of neurogenesis, migration, organization and myelination. With the transvaginal ultrasound technique a detailed description of the living embryo and fetus has become possible. With magnetic resonance imaging fetal development of the brain can now be studied in detail from about the beginning of the second half of pregnancy. In recent years, much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms by which the central nervous system (CNS) develops, and also in our understanding of its major developmental disorders, such as neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, microcephaly and neuronal migration disorders. Molecular genetic data, that explain programming of development aetiologically, can now be incorporated.
In this chapter an overview is presented of (1) major stages in the development of the human CNS (Sect. 1.2), (2) the first three weeks of development (Sect. 1.3), (3) neurulation (Sect. 1.4), (4) development of the spinal cord (Sect. 1.5), (5) pattern formation of the brain (Sect. 1.6), (6) early development of the brain (Sect. 1.7), (7) fetal development of the brain (Sect. 1.8), (8) development of the meninges and choroid plexuses (Sect. 1.9), (9) development of the blood supply of the brain (Sect. 1.10), and (10) development of fibre tracts (Sect. 1.11).
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ten Donkelaar, H.J., Yamada, S., Shiota, K., van der Vliet, T. (2014). Overview of the Development of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord. In: Clinical Neuroembryology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54687-7_1
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