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Functional and Structural MRI in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multimodal Approach

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MRI in Psychiatry

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Neuroimaging techniques have revolutionized research on the pathogenetic processes in AD, as they allow tracking AD-related pathological changes in the living brain with ever-increasing detail. The most widely used MRI-based imaging techniques for the study of AD-related brain changes include structural MRI for assessment of gray matter atrophy, diffusion-weighted MRI for assessment of reduced white matter fiber integrity, and functional MRI for assessment of alterations in brain activation and functional network organization. In this chapter, we will describe how these imaging techniques have furthered our understanding of the specific pattern of structural and functional brain changes as they spread through the brain during AD pathogenesis and how these changes are associated with the expression of clinical symptoms. We will further describe how MRI-based technology is being used to study the neural mechanisms by which specific molecular, genetic, and lifestyle factors modify the risk for, and the clinical course of, AD. As a direct clinical application, increased knowledge about the characteristic brain changes in the course of AD pathogenesis can be used for the development of stage-specific disease biomarkers that increase the certainty of clinical diagnoses and may even allow predicting an individual’s risk for future cognitive decline and development of dementia. Finally, multimodal imaging approaches help to advance the study of disease mechanisms in AD through the assessment of interrelations among the diverse structural and functional brain changes and may further increase the accuracy of imaging-based diagnostic models by providing a more comprehensive picture of an individual’s pathologic state.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s Disease

ADNI:

Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

APOE4:

ε4 Allele of the APOE Gene (Encoding the Apolipoprotein E)

APP:

Amyloid Precursor Protein

AxD:

Axial Diffusivity

CC:

Corpus Callosum

CSF:

Cerebrospinal Fluid

DMN:

Default Mode Network

DTI:

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

EDSD:

European DTI Study in Dementia

FA:

Fractional Anisotropy

ICA:

Independent Component Analysis

ICN:

Intrinsic Connectivity Network

MCI:

Mild Cognitive Impairment

MD:

Mean Diffusivity

MRI:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MTL:

Medial Temporal Lobe

PET:

Positron Emission Tomography

RaD:

Radial Diffusivity

ROI:

Region of Interest

TRD:

Task-Related Deactivation

VBM:

Voxel-Based Morphometry

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, Rostock, 18147, Germany

    Michel J. Grothe & Stefan J. Teipel

  2. Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating National Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    Arun L. W. Bokde PhD

  3. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Stefan J. Teipel

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  1. Michel J. Grothe
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  2. Arun L. W. Bokde PhD
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  3. Stefan J. Teipel
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Correspondence to Michel J. Grothe .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, UKE, Department of Psychiatry, Hamburg, Germany

    Christoph Mulert

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Martha E. Shenton

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Grothe, M.J., Bokde, A.L.W., Teipel, S.J. (2014). Functional and Structural MRI in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multimodal Approach. In: Mulert, C., Shenton, M. (eds) MRI in Psychiatry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54542-9_20

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