Abstract
The embryogenesis of the ECA can be summarized as follows. It is formed by the fusion of its proximal part with its distal segments. The proximal ECA develops from the ventral pharyngeal artery embryonal vessel arising from the primitive third aortic arch. The distal part develops from the hyoidostapedial artery, an embryological vessel arising from the future petrous segment of the ICA (see also Sects. 2.1 and 2.4.1.1).
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Bradac, G.B. (2014). External Carotid Artery. In: Cerebral Angiography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54404-0_3
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