Abstract
The boundaries between domestic and international laws are becoming more tenuous, through processes of construction, implementation, and control of norms. Law is becoming internationalized—spread across different planes. At the international level, this is seen in the densification of traditional sources of law. At the domestic and transnational levels, additional, distinct legal sources are created through direct contact among substate and transnational actors, both public and private. However, these cannot be easily classified as sources of international law.
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Notes
- 1.
Ost and Van de Kerchove (2002), p. 43.
- 2.
The term evolution, as used, does not necessarily mean improvement but rather transformation.
- 3.
Van de Kerchove and Ost (1994), pp. ix–x.
- 4.
- 5.
Koskenniemi (2005), pp. xiii and 19.
- 6.
Bobbio (1995), pp. 198–199.
- 7.
Van de Kerchove and Ost (1994), pp. 3–4.
- 8.
Van de Kerchove and Ost (1994), pp. ix–x and 32.
- 9.
Habermas (2001).
- 10.
I consider this the least inconvenient expression for this purpose. The use of “global law” could lead to a mistaken understanding of the concept as worldwide law, which is not the case. See Krish (2012), p. 6.
- 11.
Jouannet (2011), p. 224.
- 12.
The methodology for analysis in Part I, divided into actors, factors, and processes, was developed at the Rede de Pesquisa Figuras da Internacionalização do Direito, which the author participated in, from 2007 to 2009. The network was coordinated by Mireille Delmas-Marty, Professor at the Collège de France. However, I adapt the methodology for the necessities of the present work, which are substantially different from that collective project.
- 13.
The concept of “universal law” has several meanings. At the simplest level, it can be understood as a cogent international law, applicable to all countries in the world. At a second level, it is presented as a coherent legal system. At a third level, it is presented as a bric-à-brac or loosely connected network of legal norms, to borrow the famous expression of Jean Combacau. See Combacau (1986), pp. 85–105.
- 14.
Simma (2009), p. 267.
- 15.
The phrase is borrowed from Mireille Delmas-Marty, developed in the collection of books, Les Forces Imaginantes du Droit. The writings of Delmas-Marty, with whom I maintained a network for discussion of research for 3 years, are fundamental to this work. Other key authors include Gunther Teubner, José Alvarez, Martii Koskenniemi, Hélène Ruiz, Emamuelle Jouannet, and François Ost, with whom I have established bridges for dialogue in recent years, with conferences and discussions held both inside and outside Brazil. Nonetheless, each of these authors has distinct ideas; this work seeks to carve out its own path, different from these others. The influence of these authors on this work is due, in part, to our direct conversations with many of them.
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Varella, M.D. (2014). Introduction. In: Internationalization of Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54163-6_1
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