Zusammenfassung
Seit der Entwicklung der transkraniellen elektrischen Kortexstimulation durch Merton u. Morton im Jahr 1980 wurden mit dieser Methode verschiedene Untersuchungen an Patienten mit Schlaganfällen und anderen Läsionen des Gehirns durchgeführt. Die dabei gewonnenen Ergebnisse konnten in den letzten Jahren durch die Magnetstimulation ergänzt werden. Zunächst bemühte man sich, Befunde zu sammeln und zu beschreiben (Berardelli et al. 1987; Thompson et al. 1987). Im weiteren kristallisierten sich jedoch zwei vor allem für die rehabilitative Medizin wichtige Fragen heraus: Die eine betrifft die Möglichkeit einer prognostischen Aussage in der Frühphase nach einem Schlaganfall (Macdonnel et al. 1989; Dominikus et al. 1990). Die andere bezieht sich auf Reorganisationsvorgänge, die nach Hirnläsionen für die motorische Funktionswiederkehr von Bedeutung sein könnten (Benecke et al. 1991; Fries et al. 1991). Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei, ob nach Läsionen Veränderungen im Projektionsmuster motorischer Fasersysteme auftreten, wie z.B. Abweichungen von der normalerweise ausschließlich von der jeweils kontralateralen Hemisphäre ausgehenden Versorgung distaler Armmuskeln. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung solcher Aussagen ist die Verfügbarkeit eines Stimulationsverfahrens, mit dem eine Hemisphäre selektiv erregt werden kann. Gerade die Entwicklung sog. „fokaler“ Spulen (es handelt sich dabei um achtförmig konfigurierte Doppelspulen, deren Stimulationsmaximum im Bereich der Spulentaille liegt) ermöglichte weitere Untersuchungen zu dieser Fragestellung (Claus et al. 1991).
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Fauth, C. et al. (1992). Befunde bei verschiedenen Krankheiten. In: Meyer, BU. (eds) Magnetstimulation des Nervensystems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-47601-3_7
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