Abstract
Among the many bewildering tasks which the first cell had to face in life were the retention of wanted ions such as K+ and the exclusion of unwanted ions such as Na+ and Ca++. Since the aqueous environment of this planet has an abundance of unwanted and a limited supply of wanted ions, the cell was forced to open up an import-export business of major proportions.
To stay alive, you have to be able to hold out against equilibrium, maintain imbalance, bank against entropy, and you can only transact this business with membranes in our kind of world. Lewis Thomas
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Racker, E. (1978). Mechanisms of Ion Transport and ATP Formation. In: Tosteson, D.C. (eds) Concepts and Models. Membrane Transport in Biology, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46370-9_8
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