Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Some Mechanisms Underlying Sensory and Postural Stability in Man

  • Chapter
Perception

Part of the book series: Handbook of Sensory Physiology ((SENSORY,volume 8))

Abstract

In order to preserve the spatial stability of our perceptual world, we must continuously relate information about our posture to ongoing patterns of auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimulation. During self-movement, the central nervous system must determine which part of the change in exteroceptive stimulation is the direct consequence of active or passive body movement; were this monitoring to fail, stationary objects in the environment would seem to move every time we moved. The kinds of information available to us concerning our moment-to-moment posture are complex; they include not only propriocep-tive and vestibular inputs but also corollary discharges (Teuber, 1960) signalling intended or ongoing movement patterns. These internal sources of information can, under special circumstances, be overridden by powerful exteroceptive inputs which in turn, therefore, can influence our appreciation of ongoing body posture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arnoult, M.D.: Localization of sound during rotation of the visual environment. Amer. J. Psychol. 65, 48–58 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, H.: Eine scheinbare bedeutende Drehung von Objekten bei Neigung des Kopfes nach rechts oder links. Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 20, 381–393 (1861).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballinger, E.R.: Human experiments in subgravity and prolonged acceleration. J. Aviat. Med. 23, 319–321 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauermeister, M.: Effect of body tilt on apparent verticality, apparent body position, and their relation. J. exp. Psychol. 67No. 2, 142–147 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauermeister, M., Werner, H., Wapner, S.: The effect of body tilt on tactual-kinesthetic perception of verticality. Amer. J. Psychol. 77, 451–456 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten, R.J. von, Baldrighi, G., Shillinger, G.L. Jr.: Vestibular function offish during diminished G-force and weightlessness. Aerosp. Med. 43, 626–632 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten, R.J. von, Baldrighi, G., Shillinger, G.L.Jr., Harth, O., Thuemler. R.: Vestibular function in the space environment. Acta Astronaut. 2, 49–58 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckh. H.J.A. von: Experiments with animals and human subjects under sub-and zero-gravity conditions during the dive and parabolic flight. Aviat. Med. 25, 235–241 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthoz, A., Pavard, B., Young, L.R.: Perception of linear horizontal self-motion induced by peripheral vision (linear vection). Basic characteristics and visual-vestibular interactions. Exp. Brain Res. 23, 471–489 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdon, B.: Sur le rôle de la tête dans la perception de l’espace. Rev. Philos. 61, 526–529 (1906).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, T., Dichgans, J., Biichele. W.: Motion habituation: Inverted selfmotion perception and optokinetic afternystagmus. Exp. Brain Res. 21. 337–352 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, T., Dichgans. J., Koenig, E.: Differential effects of central versus peripheral vision on egocentric and exocentric motion perception. Exp. Brain Res. 16, 476–491 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, H.A.: An introduction to space perception. New York: Longmans, Green. 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: The effect of angular acceleration on sound localization: The audiogyral illusion. J. Psychol. 28, 235–244 (1949a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Apparent rotation of a fixed target associated with linear acceleration in flight. Amer. J. Ophthal. 32, 549–557 (1949 b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Visual perception of the horizontal following exposure to radial acceleration on a centrifuge. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 44, 525–534 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Contributing factors in the perception of the oculogravic illusion. Amer. J. Psychol. 76, 18–27 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Factors contributing to the delay in the perception of the oculogravic illusion. Amer. J. Psychol. 79, 377–388 (1966a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Perception of the visual horizontal in normal and labyrinthine-defective subjects during prolonged rotation. Amer. J. Psychol. 79, 608–612 (1966b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Egocentric localization of the visual horizontal in normal and labyrinthine-defective observers as a function of head and body tilt. Percept, and Psychophys. 2, 609–611 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Influence of contact cues on the perception of the oculogravic illusion. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 65, 373–380 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cogan, D.G.: Neurology of the ocular muscles. 2nd Edition. Springfield, Ill.: Chas. C. Thomas, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Day, R.J., Wade, N.J.: Visual spatial after-effect from prolonged head-tilt. Science, 154, 1201–1202 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • deVries, H.: The mechanics of labyrinth otoliths. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 38, 262–273 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dichgans, J., Brandt, T.: Visual-vestibular interaction and motion perception. In: Cerebral control of eye movements and motion perception. Basel: S. Karger, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dichgans, J., Brandt, T.: Optokinetic motion sickness and pseudo-coriolis effects induced by moving visual stimuli. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 76, 339–348 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dichgans, J., Held, R., Young, L.R., Brandt, T.: Moving visual scenes influence the apparent direction of gravity. Science 178, 1217–1219 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dichgans, J., Schmidt, C.L., Graf, W.: Visual input improves the speedometer function of the vestibular nuclei in the goldfish. Exp. Brain Res. 18, 319–322 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, R.: Thresholds of rotation. J. exp. Psychol. 6, 107–137 (1923).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolezal, H.: Long term perceptual and performatory adaptation to wearing up-down reversing prisms in the real world. Unpublished monograph, Cornell University, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebenholtz, S.M.: Adaptation to a rotated visual field as a function of degree of optical tilt and exposure time. J. exp. Psychol. 72, 629–634 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ek, J., Jongkees, L.B.W., Klijn, J.: On the effect of continuous acceleration. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh). 51, 416–419 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, G.: Influence of muscle vibration on balance in man. Acta Soc. Med. Upsalien 74, 113–117 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, G.: General features of vibration-induced effects on balance. Uppsala J. med. Sci. 77, 112–124 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, G.: Further studies of vibration-induced effects on balance. Uppsala J. med. Sci. 78, 65–72 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M.H., Kornmüller, A.E.: Optokinetisch ausgelöste Bewegungswahrnehmung und optokine-tischer Nystagmus. J. Psychol. Neurol. (Lpz) 41, 273–308 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gemelli, A.: The effect of illusory perception of movement on sound localization. In: Essays in Psychology dedicated to David Katz. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerathewohl, S.: Comparative studies on animals and human subjects in the gravity-free state. J. Aviat. Med. 25, 412–417 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerathewohl, S., Stallings, H.D.: A study of the oculogravic illusion. J. Aviat. Med. 29, 504–516 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerathewohl, S.J., Strughold, H., Stallings, H.D.: Sensori-motor performance during weightlessness: Eye-hand coordination. J. Aviat. Med. 28, 7–12 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, G.M.: Personal Communication. February 6, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, G.M., McCloskey, D.I., Matthews, P.B.C.: Proprioceptive illusions induced by muscle vibration: Contribution to perception by muscle spindles? Science, N.Y. 175, 1382–1384 (1972 a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, G.M., McCloskey. D.I., Matthews. P.B.C.: The contribution of muscle afférents to kinesthesia shown by vibration-induced illusions of movement and by the effects of paralyzing joint afférents. Brain 95. 705–748 (1972b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granit, R.: Constant errors in the execution and appreciation of movement. Brain 95, 649–660 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A.: The oculogravic illusion. Arch. Ophthal. 48, 605–615 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A.: Vestibular sickness and some of its implications for space flight. In: Neurological aspects of auditory and vestibular disorders. Springfield, I11.: Charles C. Thomas, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A.: Functional disturbances of vestibular origin of significance in space flight. In: Second International Symposium on Man in Space, Paris 1965. Proceedings. Vienna and New York: Springer Verlag, 1967, pp. 8–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A.: Vestibular problems in relation to space travel. In: The vestibular system and its disorders. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1966 (443 458).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A.: Structural elements in the concept of motion sickness. Aerosp. Med. 40. 351–367 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A.: Prevention of reflex vestibular disturbances and motion sickness by natural means and by drugs. Proc. of the 21st International Astronautical Congress. Amsterdam: North Holland. 1971. pp. 328–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel. A.: Otolith function and human performance. Adv. Otorhinolaryngol. 20, 485–519 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Brown, R.H.: The delay in visual reorientation following exposure to a change in direction of resultant force on a human centrifuge. J. genet. Psychol. 45. 143–150 (1951).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel. A., Clark, B.: The validity of the oculogravic illusion as a specific indicator of otolith function. Aerosp. Med. 36, 1173–1181 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel. A., Clark, B., MacCorquodale, K., Hupp. D.I.: Role of vestibular nystagmus in the visual perception of a moving target in the dark. Am. J. Psychol. 59, 259–266 (1946).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel. A., Clark, B., Zarriello, J.J.: Observations on human subjects living in a “slow rotation room” for periods of two days. AMA Arch. Neurol. 3, 55–73 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Deane. F.R., Colehour. J.K.: Prevention of overt motion sickness by incremental exposure to otherwisc highly strcssful coriolis accelerations. Aerosp. Med. 40, 142–148 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Guedry, F., Johnson, W., Kennedy, R.S.: Adaptation to bizarre stimulation of the semicircular canals as indicated by the oculogyral illusion. Aerosp. Med. 32, 321–327 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Hupp. D.I.: The oculo-gyral illusion: a form of apparent motion which may be observed following stimulation of the semicircular canals. J. Aviat. Med. 17, 3–27 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Johnson, W.: A comparison of the symptomatology experienced by healthy persons and subjects with loss of labyrinthine function when exposed to unusual patterns of centripetal force in a counter-rotating room. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 72, 357–374 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Kellogg, R.S.: Inversion illusion in parabolic flight: Its probable dependence on otolith function. Aerosp. Med. 38, 1099–1103 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Kerr, W.A., Bartley, S.H.: Stimulus thresholds of the semicircular canals as a function of angular acceleration. Am. J. Psychol. 61, 21–36 (1948).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Miller, E.F. II, Billingham, J., Waite, R., Berry. C.A., Deitlein, L.F.: Vestibular experiments in Gemini flights V and VII. Aerosp. Med. 38, 360–370 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Miller, E.F. II, Homick, J.L.: Individual differences in susceptibility to motion sickness among six Skylab astronauts. Acta Astronaut. 2, 155–174 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel. A., Miller, E.F. II, Newson. B.D., Kennedy. R.S.: The effect of water immersion on perception of the oculogravic illusion in normal and labyrinthine-defective subjects. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 65. 599–610 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Niven, J.I.: The effect of a change in direction of resultant force on sound localization: the audiogravic illusion. J. exp. Psychol. 42, 227–230 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Patterson, J.L.: Thresholds of stimulation of the otolith organs as indicated by the oculogravic illusion. J. appl. Physiol. 7, 666–670 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A., Wood, C.D.: Rapid vestibular adaptation in a rotating environment by means of controlled head movements. Aerosp. Med. 40, 638–643 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groen, J.J.: The problems of the spinning top applied to the semi-circular canals. Confin. neurol. (Basel) 21, 454–455 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groen. J.J.: Central regulation of vestibular function. In: Recent advances in aerospace medicine. Dordrecht-Holland: D. Reidel, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guedry, F.E., Graybiel, A.: Compensatory nystagmus conditioned during adaptation to living in a rotating room. J. appl. Physiol. 17, 398–404 (1962).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guedry, F.E., Graybiel, A., Collins, W.E.: Reduction of nystagmus and disorientation in human subjects. Aerosp. Med. 33, 1356–1360 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurnee, H.: The effect of a visual stimulus upon the perception of bodily motion. Amer. J. Psychol. 43, 26–48 (1931).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurnee, H.: Thresholds of vertical movement of the body. J. exp. Psychol. 17, 270–285 (1934).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haber, F., Haber, H.: Possible methods of producing the gravity-free state for medical research. J. Aviat. Med. 21, 395–400 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagbarth, K.E., Eklund, G.: Motor effects of vibratory muscle stimuli in man. In: Muscular afférents and motor control. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagbarth, K.E., Eklund, G.: The effects of muscle vibration in spasticity, rigidity, and cerebellar disorders. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 31, 207–213 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallpike, C.S., Hood, J.D.: The speed of the slow component of ocular nystagmus induced by angular acceleration of the head; its experimental determination and application to the physical theory of the cupular mechanism. Proc. roy. Soc, B 141, 216–230 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C.S.: Perceptual adaptation to inverted, reversed, and displaced vision. Psychol. Rev. 72, 419–444 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, J.: Visual adaptation to an altered correlation between eye movement and head movement. Science 160, 429–130 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held, R.: Exposure history as a factor in maintaining stability of perception and coordination. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 132, 26–32 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held, R., Dichgans, J., Bauer, J.: Characteristics of moving visual scenes influencing spatial orientation., Vision Res. 15, 357–365 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helmholtz, H. von: Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik. Leipzig: Voss, 1866.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henn, V., Young, L.R., Finley, C.: Vestibular nucleus units in alert monkeys are also influenced by moving visual scenes. Brain Res. 71, 144–149 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holst, E. von, Mittelstaedt, H.: Das Reafferenzprinzip. Naturwissenschaften 37, 464–476 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, I.P., Templeton, W.B.: Human spatial orientation. New York: Wiley, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W.: The sense of dizziness in deaf-mutes. Amer. J. Otol. 4, 239–254 (1882).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleint, H.: Versuche über die Wahrnehmung. Z. Psychol. 140, 109–138 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinke, R., Schmidt, C.L.: Efferent influence on the vestibular organ during active movements of the body. Pfluge’s Arch. 318, 325–332 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, I.: The formation and transformation of the visual world. Psychology Iss. 3. [First published as Über Aufbau und Wandlungen der Wahrnehmungswelt, S.B. Öst. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl. 227, 1–118 (1951).]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Influence of posture on the spatial localization of sounds. Ph.D. Thesis, Mass. Inst. Tech. (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: The role of posture in sound localization. Quart J. exp. Psychol. 26, 235–251 (1973a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: The role of posture in adaptation to visual rearrangement. Neuropsychologia 11, 33–44 (1973 b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Visual rearrangement affects auditory localization. Neuropsychologia 11, 29–32 (1973c).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: A device for investigating adaptation to visual rearrangement. J. Psychol. 85, 137–141 (1973d).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Changes in auditory localization during body tilt. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 77, 19–29 (1974a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Influence of visual rearrangement and visual motion on sound localization. Neuropsychologia 12, 291–293 (1974b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Adaptation to displaced vision: role of proprioception. Percept, and mot. Skills 38, 1251–1256 (1974c).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Pursuit eye movements elicited by muscle afferent information. Neurosci. Letters 1, 25–28 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Influence of abnormal postural and sensory conditions on human sensory motor performance. Environ. Biol. and Med. 2, 139–177 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Changes in visual localization during body tilt. Forthcoming (1976b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R.: Induction of nystagmus in stationary subjects with a rotating sound field. Avia. Space and environ. Med. 48, 129–131 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R., Graybiel, A.: Elicitation of vestibular side effects by regional vibration of the head. Aerosp. Med. 45(11), 1267–1272 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R., Levine. M.: Changes in apparent body orientation and sensory localization induced by vibration of postural muscles: The propriogyral illusion. Aviat. Space and Environ. Med. In press (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R., Lobovits, D.: Incremental exposure facilitates adaptation to visual rearrangement. Aviat. Space and Environ. Med. 49(2), 362–364 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lackner, J.R., Teixeira. R.: Visual-vestibular interaction: vestibular stimulation suppresses the visual induction of illusory self-rotation. Avia. Space and Environ. Med. 48. 248 253 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackner. J.R., Zabkar. J.: A proprioceptive contribution to oculomotor stability. Vision Res. 17. 1225–1229 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee. D., Aronson. E.: Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Percept, and Psychophys. 15, 529–532 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lishman. J.R., Lee. D.N.: The autonomy of visual kinesthesis. Perception 2. 287–294 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mach, E.: Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen. 1. Jena: Fischer. 1886. [English translation. The analysis of sensations. New York: Dover, 1958].

    Google Scholar 

  • Mach, E.: Contributions to the analysis of the sensations. Trans. C.M. Williams. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. 1897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C.D., Meadows, J.C, Hodgson, H.J.F.: Observations on the reflex response to muscle vibration in man and its voluntary control. Brain 92, 829–846 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mather. J., Lackner, J.R.: Adaptation to visual rearrangement elicited by tonic vibration reflexes. Exp. Brain Res. 24. 103–105 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mather, J., Lackner, J.R.: Adaptation to visual rearrangement: role of sensory discordance. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. 29, 237–244 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P.B.C.: Mammalian muscle receptors and their central actions. London: Arnold, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, D.I.: Differences between the senses of movement and position shown by the effects of loading and vibration of muscles in man. Brain Res. 61, 119–131 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, J.H., Clarkson, F.: Perception of orientation: adaptation to lateral body tilt. Am. J. Psychol. 79. 265–271 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meda, E.: A research on the threshold for the coriolis and Purkinje phenomena of excitation of the semicircular canals. Arch. Fisiol. 52. 116–134 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melvill Jones. G., Gonshor. A.: Extreme vestibular habituation to long-term reversal of vision during natural head movements. Proc. Aerosp. Med. Assoc. Ann. Sci. Mtg. Bal Harbour, p. 22 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, P.A.: Speculations on the servo-control of movement. In: The spinal cord. London: Churchill, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton. P.A.: Human position sense and sense of effort. Symp. Soc. exp. Biol. 18, 387–400 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merton, P.A.: The sense of effort. In: Breathing: Hering-Brewer centenary symposium. London: Churchill, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E.F. Jr., Fregly, A.R., Graybiel, A.: Visual horizontal perception in relation to otolith function. Naval Aerosp. Med. Inst., Pensacola NAMI-989 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E.F. II, Graybiel, A.: Role of the otolith organs in the perception of horizontality. Am. J. Psychol. 79, 24–37 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E.F. II, Graybiel, A.: Experiment M-131: human vestibular function. Aerosp. Med. 44, 593–608 (1973).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E.F. II, Graybiel, A., Kellog. R.S.: Otolith organ activity within earth standard, one-half standard and zero gravity environment. Aerosp. Med. 37, 399–403 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morant, R.B., Beller, H.K.: Adaptation to prismatically rotated visual fields. Science 148, 530–531 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle, V.B.: Neural mechanisms in somesthesia. In: Medical physiology, 13th Ed. I. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller. G.E.: Über das Aubertsche Phänomen. Z. Sinnensphysiol. 49, 109–244 (1916).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson. J.G.: Effect of water immersion and body position upon perception of the gravitational vertical. Aerosp. Med. 39, 806–811 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, T.I.: Volition: a new experimental approach. Scand. J. Psychol. 4, 225–230 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oosterveld, W.J., Graybiel, A., Cramer, D.B.: Influence of vision on susceptibility to acute motion sickness studied under quantifiable stimulus-response conditions. Aerosp. Med. 43, 1005–1007 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oosterveld, W.J., Greven, A.J.: Flight behavior of pigeons during weightlessness. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 79, 233–241 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rock, I.: The nature of perceptual adaptation. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roman, J.A., Warren, B.H., Niven, J.I., Graybiel, A.: Some observations on the behavior of a visual target and a visual afterimage during parabolic flight maneuvers. Aerosp. Med. 34, 841–846 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, C.W., Bartley, S.H.: A study of the effects of mechanically induced tension of the neck muscles on the perception of verticality. J. Psychol. 54, 245–248 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shillinger, G.L. Jr., von Baumgarten, R.J., Baldrighi, G.: The gravity response, the rotation sensation, and other illusory sensations experienced in aircraft and space flight. Space Life Sci. 4, 368–374 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, R.W.: Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response induced by visual inversion. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 43, 482–489 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stratton, G.M.: Upright vision and the retinal image. Psychol. Rev. 4, 182–187 (1897a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stratton, G.M.: Vision without inversion of the retinal image. Psychol. Rev. 4, 341–360, 363-481 (1897b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stratton, G.M.: Eye movements and visual direction. Psychol. Bull. 4, 155–158 (1907).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tastevin, J.: En partant de l’expérience d’Aristote. l’encephale 1, 57–84, 140-158 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Teuber, H.-L.: Perception. In: Handbook of physiology, 3, Sec. 1, 1595-1668. Washington: Amer. Physiol. Soc, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teuber, H.-L., Diamond, S.: Effects of brain injury in man on binaural localization of sounds. Paper read at EPA Mtg., Atlantic City. 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teuber, H.-L., Liebert, R.S.: Effects of body tilts on auditory localization (abstract). Amer. Psychol. 11, 430 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, R., Lackner, J.R.: Influence of apparent head position on optokinetic nystagmus and eye posture. Exp. Brain Res. 24, 435–439 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thurlow, W.R., Kerr, T.P.: Effect of a moving visual environment on localization of sound. Amer. J. Psychol. 83, 112–118 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urist, M.J.: Head tilt in vertical muscle paresis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 69, 3, 440–442 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dishoeck, H.A.E., Spoor, A., Nijhoff, P.: The opto-gyral illusion and its relation to the nystagmus of the eyes. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 44, 597–607 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, N.J.: Visual orientation during and after lateral head, body, and trunk tilt. Percept, and Psychophys. 3, 215–219 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, N.J., Day, R.H.: Apparent head position as a basis for a visual after-effect of prolonged head tilt. Percept, and Psychophys. 3, 324–326 (1968a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, N.J., Day, R.H.: Development and dissipation of a visual spatial after-effect from prolonged head tilt. J. exp. Psychol. 76, 439–443 (1968 b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, H.: The role of head movements and vestibular and visual cues in sound localization. J. exp. Psychol. 27, 339–368 (1940).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, H.: Informational discrepancy as a basis of perceptual adaptation. In: The neuropsychology of spatially oriented behavior, 209-229. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, H., Kravitz, J.: The measurement of the constancy of visual direction and of its adaptation. Psychon. Sci. 2, 217–218 (1965 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, H., Kravitz, J.: Rapid adaptation in the constancy of visual direction with active and passive rotation. Psychon. Sci. 3, 165–166 (1965 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallach, H., Kravitz, J.: Adaptation in the constancy of visual direction tested by measuring the constancy of auditory direction. Percept, and Psychophys. 4(5), 299–303 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walls, G.L.: The evolutionary history of eye movements. Vision Res. 2, 69–80 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wapner, S., Werner, H., Chandler, K.A.: Experiments on sensory-tonic field theory of perception: I. Effect of extraneous stimulation on the visual perception of verticality. J. exp. Psychol. 42, 341–343 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, B.H., Roman, J.A., Graybiel, A.: Exclusion of angular accelerations as the principal cause of visual illusions during parabolic flight maneuvers. Joint Report No. SAM-TDR-63-78, USA F School of Aerospace Mcd. Brooks A F Base, Texas and USN school of Aviation Med, Pensacola, Fla. (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, H.C.: Sensations of rotation. Psychol. Rev. 2, 273–276 (1895).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteside, T.C.D.: Fffect of weightlessness on some postural mechanisms. Aerosp. Med. 31, 324–325 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteside, T.C.D.: Hand-eye coordination in weightlessness. Aerosp. Med. 32, 719–725 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteside, T.C.D., Ciraybiel. A., Niven, J.I.: Visual illusions of movement. Brain 88, 193–210 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, R.W.: The “haunted swing” illusion. Psychol. Rev. 2, 277–278 (1895).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, C.R., Dichgans, J., Murphy, R. Brandt, T.: Interaction of optokinetic and vestibular stimuli in motion perception. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 76, 24–31 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Waltham, Massachusetts, USA

    James R. Lackner

Authors
  1. James R. Lackner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Psychology, E10-139, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

    Richard Held

  2. Psychology Department, Pennsylvania State University, 417 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Herschel W. Leibowitz

  3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

    Hans-Lukas Teuber

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lackner, J.R. (1978). Some Mechanisms Underlying Sensory and Postural Stability in Man. In: Held, R., Leibowitz, H.W., Teuber, HL. (eds) Perception. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46354-9_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46354-9_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-46356-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-46354-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation