Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Innate and Environmental Factors in the Development of Visual Form Perception

  • Chapter
Perception

Part of the book series: Handbook of Sensory Physiology ((SENSORY,volume 8))

Abstract

Is the perception of form innate? Since the analysis of the question by Locke in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) and by Berkeley in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (1709), it has been widely assumed that the perception of primitive sensations such as color or light intensity is innate, but that form perception is acquired slowly through visual experience. It was recognized, first, that the retinal image represents a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional world, and hence could supply information from which the third dimension had to be inferred. Secondly, it was understood that any object of stimulation had a nonunique relationship to any retinal image, since conditions of illumination, distance of the object, and the orientation of the receptor organ (e.g., eye and head movements) were constantly changing. It was thought likely that considerable experience was required to discover the underlying invariances inherent in what William James called the booming, buzzing confusion of stimulation projected onto the proximal receptor surface. The perception of a line, given a projected linear array of light dots projected onto the retina, was for empiricists not a simple, innately given competence. Rather, they believed an organism had to experience those light dots simultaneously so that associations could form between the neural representatives of those light dots. Empiricism has retained its theoretical vigor, especially following Hebb’S neurophysiological formalization of its principles (1949). The present chapter, Blakemore’S (this volume), and Haith’S (this volume) document the continuing wealth of behavioral and neurophysiological research which Empiricism has stimulated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aarons, L., Halasz, H.K., Risen, A.H.: Interocular transfer of visual intensity discrimination after ablation of striate cortex in dark reared kittens. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 56, 196–199 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahrens, R.: Beiträge zur Entwicklung des Physiognomie-und Mimikerkennens. Z. f. Exp. Angew. Psychol. 2, 599–633 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Apelle, S.: Perception and discrimination as a function of stimulus orientation: the “oblique effect” in man and animals. Psychol. Bull. 78, 266–278 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awaya, S., Miyake, Y., Imaizaki, Y., Shiose. Y., Kanda, T., Komuno, K.: Amblyopia in man suggestive of stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 17, 69–82 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, M.S., Aslin, R.N., Letson, R.D.: Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision. Science 190, 675–677 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, H.B.: Visual experience and cortical development. Nature 258, 199–204 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow. H.B., Levick, W.R.: The mechanism of directionally sensitive units in rabbit’s retina. J. Physiol. 178, 477–504 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, H.B., Pettigrew. J.D.: Lack of specificity of neurons in the visual cortex of young kittens. J. Physiol. 218, 98P–100P (1971)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baxter. B.L.: Effect of visual deprivation during postnatal maturation on the electroencephalogram of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 14, 224–237 (1966)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beers, D.: Return of vision and other observations in transplanted amphibian eyes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 26, 447–479 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkeley, G.: Essay towards a new theory of vision. In: Selections from Berkeley. Fraser. A.C., (ed.), 6th ed. Oxford: Garenden 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C. Campbell. F.W.: On the existence of neurones in the human visual system selectively-sensitive to orientation and size of retinal images. J. Physiol. 203, 237–260 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore. C. Cooper, G.F.: Development of the brain depends on visual environment. Nature 228, 477–478 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C Mitchell, D.E.: Environmental modification of the visual cortex and the neural basis of learning and memory. Nature 241, 467–468 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C., Sluyters, R.C. Van: Reversal of the physiological effects of monocular deprivation in kittens: further evidence for a sensitive period. J. Physiol. 237, 195–216 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C. Sluyters. R.C. Van: Innate and environmental factors in the development of the kitten’s visual cortex. J. Physiol. 248, 663–716 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bland B.H. Cooper R.M. Experience in vision of the posterior neodecorticate rat. Physiol. Behav. 5. 211–214 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bower. T.G.R.: Heterogeneous summation in human infants. Anim. Behav. 14, 395–398 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buisseret. P., Imbert. M.: Responses of neurones in the striate cortex observed in normal and dark-reared kittens during post-natal life. J. Physiol. 246, 98P–99P (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burian. H.M.: Occlusion amblyopia and the development of eccentric fixation in occluded eyes. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 62, 853–856 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow. K.L.: Visual discrimination after extensive ablation of optic tract and visual cortex in cats. Brain Res. 9. 363–366 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow, K.L.: Neuronal changes in the visual system following deprivation. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Jung, R. (ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1973 Vol. VII/3A. pp. 559–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, K.L., Nissen. H.W.: Interocular transfer of learning in visually naive and experienced chimpanzees. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 48, 229–237 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow. K.L., Spear, P.D.: Morphological and functional effects of visual deprivation on the rabbit visual system. Exp. Neurol. 42, 429–447 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow. K.L., Stewart, D.L.: Reversal of structural and functional effects of long-term visual deprivation in cats. Exp. Neurol. 34, 409–433 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cragg, B.G.: The development of synapses in the visual system of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 160, 147–166 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cynader, M., Berman, N., Hein, A.: Cats reared in stroboscopic illumination: effects on receptive fields in cats visual cortex. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1353–1354 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Descartes, R.: Discourse on the method of rightly conducting the reason. (1637). See Haldane and Ross.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dews, P.B., Wiesel, T.N.: Consequences of monocular deprivation on visual behavior in kittens. J. Physiol. 206, 437–455 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, F.H., Snodgrass, S.R., Burchfiel, J.L., Conway, J.L.: Bicuculline reversal of deprivation amblyopia in the cat. Nature 260, 256–257 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fantz, R.L.: Form preferences in newly hatched chicks. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 59, 422–430 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fantz, R.L.: The origin of form perception. Sci. Am. 204, 66–72 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fantz, R.L.: Ontogeny of perception. In: Behavior of Non-Human Primates: Modern Research Trends. Schrier, A.M., Harlow, H.F., Stollnitz, F. (eds.). New York: Academic Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantz, R.L., Nevis, S.: Pattern preferences in perceptual cognitive development in early infancy. Merrill-Palmer Q. 13, 77–108 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantz, R.L., Fagan, III, J.F., Miranda, S.B.: Early visual selectivity. In: Infant Perception: From Sensation to Cognition. Cohen, L.B., Salapatek, P. (eds.). New York: Academic Press 1975, pp. 249–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L., Burnham, C.A., Ono, H., Bamber, D.: Efference and the conscious experience of perception. J. Exp. Psychol. Monogr. 74, (4, no. 637) (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fifkova, E.: Plastic and degenerative changes in visual centers. In: Advances in Psychobiology. Newton, G., Riesen, A.H. (eds.). New York: Wiley 1974 Chap. 2, Vol. II, pp. 59–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R.D., Mitchell, D.E., Millodot, M.: A neural effect of partial visual deprivation in humans. Science 175, 1384–1386 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, R., Norton, T.T., Frommer, G.P.: Optic tract lesions sparing pattern vision in cats. Exp. Neurol. 18, 8–25 (1967)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, L.: An analysis of generalization behavior in the stimulus-deprived organism. In: Early Experience and Behavior. Newton, G., Levine, S. (eds.). Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, L.: Orientation in visual space by neonates and its modification by visual deprivation. In: The Developmental Neuropsychology of Sensory Deprivation. Riesen, A.H. (ed.). New York: Academic Press 1975, p. 171–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, L., Fitch, M.: The effect of visual deprivation on perceptual behavior. Exp. Neurol. 22, 638–660 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, L., Haffner, M.E.: Permanent perceptual and neurophysiological effects of visual deprivation in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 20, 67–87 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, L., Wilson, P.: Innate generalization of a form discrimination without contouring eye movements. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 63, 258–269 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, L., Fitch, M., Satterberg, J.A.: The selective effect of visual deprivation on receptive field shape determined neurophysiologically. Exp. Neurol. 22, 614–637 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, L., Hirsch, H.V.B., Tieman, S.B.: The nature of perceptual deficits in visually deprived cats. Brain Res. 44, 547–568 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaze, R.M., Jacobson, M., Székely, G.: On the formation of connections by compound eyes in Xenopus. J. Physiol. 176, 409–417 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, E.J.: Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J.J., Radner, M.: Adaptation, after-effect and contrast in the perception of tilted lines. I. Qualitative studies. J. Exp. Psychol. 20, 453–467 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilinsky, A.S., Doherty, R.S.: Interocular transfer of orientational effects. Science 164, 454–455 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Globus, A.: Brain morphology as a function of presynaptic morphology and activity. In: The Developmental Neuropsychology of Sensory Deprivation. Riesen, A.H. (ed.). New York: Academic Press 1975, Chap. 2, pp. 9–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Globus, A., Scheibel, A.B.: The effect of visual deprivation on cortical neurons. Exp. Neurol. 19, 331–345 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grobstein, P., Chow, K.L.: Receptive field development and individual experience. Science 190, 352–358 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haidane, E.S., Ross, G.R.T. (translators). The philosophical works of Descartes. 2 Vols. New York: Dover 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D.O.: The innate organization of visual activity: I. Perception of figures by rats reared in total darkness. J. Gen. Psychol. 51, 101–126 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb. D.O.: The Organization of Behavior. New York: Wiley 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Held, R., Hein, A.: Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 56. 872–876 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch. H.V.B.: Visual perception in cats after environmental surgery. Exp. Brain Res. 15, 405–423 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch. H.V.B., Spinelli, N.: Distribution of recptive field orientation: modification contingent on conditions of visual experience. Science 168, 869–871 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch. H.V.B., Spinelli. D.N.: Modification of the distribution of receptive field orientation in cats by selective visual exposure during development. Exp. Brain Res. 13, 509–527 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochberg. J.: Attention, organization and consciousness. In: Attention: Contemporary Theory and Analysis. Mostofsky, D. (ed.). New York: Appleton 1970, pp. 99–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochberg. J.E.: Nativism and empiricism in perception. In: Psychology in the making (L. Postman Ed.). New York: Knopf 1962. pp.255–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohmann. A., Creutzfeldt. O.D.: Squint and the development of binoculanty in humans. Nature 254, 613–614 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel. D.H., Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very young, visually inexperienced kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 994–1002 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D.H., Wiesel. T.N.: Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1041–1059 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel. D.H., Wiesel. T.N.: The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. J. Physiol. 206, 419–436 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imbert. M., Buisseret. P.: Receptive field characteristics and plastic properties of visual cortical cells in kittens reared with or without visual experience. Exp. Brain Res. 22, 25–36 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ing. M., Costenbader. F.D., Parks, M.M., Albert. D.G.: Early surgery for congenital esotropia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 61, 1419–1427 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, M.: Development of specific neuronal connections. Science 163, 543–547 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J.: Attention and psychological change in the young child. Science 170, 826–832 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmel, B.Z.: Complexity, amount of contour and visually dependent behavior in hooded rats. domestic chicks, and human infants. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 69, 649–657 (1969a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmel, B.Z.: The effect of age, complexity, and amount of contour on pattern preferences in human infants. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 7, 339–354 (1969b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmel, B.Z., Maisel, E.B.: A neuronal activity model for infant visual attention. In: Infant Perception: From Sensation to Cognition. Cohen. L.B., Salapatek, P. (eds.). New York: Academic Press 1975, pp. 78–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleifeld. O., Fink, H., Schubach-Erz, E.: Ergebnisse der Schieloperation bei Kindern in Abhängigkeit vom Alter der Kinder bei Schielbeginn, der Dauer des Schielens und der Schielart. Albrecht von Graefes Arch. Klin. phthalmol. 189, 165–170 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klopfer. P.: Behavior and Ecology. New York: Prentice Hall 1962.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, W.: Dynamics in Psychology. New York: Liveright 1940, pp. 125–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kratz, K.E., Spear. P.D.: Effects of visual deprivation and alterations in binocular competition on responses of striate cortex neurons in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 170, 141–152 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kries, J.von: Empiricism and nativism. Appendix Section 6 (pp. 607–625) in Southall. J.P.C. (Ed.) Helmholtz Treatise on Physiological Optics. Vol. III. Optical Society of America, 1925. Translated from H. von Helmholtz Handbuch der Physiologischenoptik, Vol. III. Hamburg and Leipzig: Leopold Voss, 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lashley, K.S.: Persistent problems in the evolution of mind. Q. Rev. Biol. 24, 28–42 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leehey. S.C., Moskowitz-Cook. A., Brill. S., Held. R.: Orientational anisotropy in infant vision. Science 190, 900–902 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal. A.G., Hirsch, H.V.B.: Cortical effect of early selective exposure to diagonal lines. Science 190, 902–904 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Locke. J.: Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Philadelphia: Troutman & Hays 1853.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund. J.S., Lund. R.D.: The effects of varying periods of visual deprivation on synaptogenesis in the superior colliculus of the rat. Brain Res. 42. 21–32 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathers, L.H., Chow, K.L., Spear. P.D., Grobstein. P.: Ontogenesis of receptive fields in the rabbit striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 19, 20–35 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthey. R.: Récupération de la vue après greffe de l’oeil chez le triton adulte. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 94, 4–5 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H.R., Lettvin, J.Y., McCulloch, W.S., Pitts, W.H.: Evidence that cut optic nerve fibers in a frog regenerate to their proper places in the tectum. Science 130, 1709–1710 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H., Lettvin, J.Y., McCulloch, W.S., Pitts, W.H.: Anatomy and physiology of vision in the frog Rana pipiens). J. Gen. Physiol. 43(6/2), 129–177 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, B., McCleary, R.: Interocular transfer of a pattern discrimination in pattern deprived cats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 57, 16–21 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michels, K., Beven, W., Strassel, H.: Discrimination learning and interdimensional transfer under conditions of controlled visual experience. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 51, 778–781 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, D.E., Ware, C.: Interocular transfer of a visual after-effect in normal and stereo-blind humans. J. Physiol. 236, 707–721 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mize, R.R., Murphy, E.H.: Selective visual experience fails to modify receptive field properties of rabbit striate cortex neurons. Science 180, 320–323 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movshon, J.A.: Reversal of the physiological effects of monocular deprivation in the kitten’s visual cortex. J. Physiol. 261, 125–174 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movshon, J.A., Chambers, B.E.I., Blakemore, C.: Interocular transfer in normal humans and those who lack stereopsis. Perception 1, 483–490 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muir, D.W., Mitchell, D.E.: Visual resolution and experience: acuity deficits in cats following early selective visual deprivation. Science 180, 420–422 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muir, D.W., Mitchell, D.E.: Behavioral deficits in cats following early selected visual exposure to contours of a single orientation. Brain Res. 85, 459–477 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noorden, C.K. von, Dowling, J.E., Ferguson, D.C.: Experimental amblyopia in monkeys. I. Behavioral studies on stimulation deprivation amblyopia. Arch. Ophthalmol. 84, 206–214 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noton, E., Stark, L.: Scanpaths in eye movements during pattern perception. Science 171, 308–311 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, J.D.: The effect of visual experience on the development of stimulus specifity by kitten cortical neurones. J. Physiol. 237, 49–74 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, J.D., Freeman, R.D.: Visual experience without lines: effect on developing cortical neurons. Science 182, 599–601 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, J.D., Garey, L.J.: Selective modification of single neuron properties in the visual cortex of kittens. Brain Res. 66, 160–164 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, J., Olson, C., Barlow, H.B.: Kitten visual cortex: short-term stimulus-induced changes in connectivity. Science 180, 1202–1203 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polyak, S.: The vertebrate visual system. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regal, D.M., Boothe, R., Teller, D.Y., Sackett, G.P.: Visual acuity and visual responsiveness in dark reared monkeys (personal communication).

    Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H.: Plasticity of behavior: psychological aspects. In: Biological and Biochemical Bases of Behavior. Harlow, H.F., Woolsey, C.N. (eds.). Madison, Wisconsin: U. Wisconsin Pr. 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H.: Effects of early deprivation of photic stimulation. In: The Biosocial Basis of Mental Retardation. Osier, S.F., Cooke, R.E. (eds.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press 1965a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H.: Effects of visual deprivation on perceptual function and the neural substrate. In: Symposium Bel Air-Désafférentation Experimentale et Clinique. Ajuriaguerra, J. (ed.). Geneva: George 1965 b, pp. 47–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H.: Electrophysiological changes after sensory deprivation. In: The Developmental Neuro-psychology of Sensory Deprivation. Riesen, A.H. (ed.). New York: Academic Press 1975, pp. 153–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H., Aarons, L.: Visual movement and intensity discrimination in cats after early deprivation of pattern vision. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 52, 142–149 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H., Mellinger, J.C.: Interocular transfer of habits in cats after alternating monocular visual experience. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 49, 516–520 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H., Zilbert, D.E.: Behavioral consequences of variations in early sensory environments. In: The Developmental Neuropsychology of Sensory Deprivation. Riesen, A.H. (ed.). New York: Academic Press 1975, pp. 211–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H., Kurke, M.I., Mellinger, J.C: Interocular transfer of habits learned monocularly in visually naive and visually experienced cats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 46, 166–172 (1953).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riesen, A.H., Ramsey, R., Wilson. P.: Development of visual acuity in rhesus monkeys deprived of patterned light during early infancy. Psychonom. Sci. 1, 33–34 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, L.A.: Visual acuity. In: Vision and Visual Perception. Graham, C.H. (ed.). New York: Wiley 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzolati, F., Tradardi, V.: Pattern discrimination in monocularly reared cats. Exp. Neurol. 33, 181–194 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salapatek, P.: Pattern perception in early infancy. In: Infant Perception: From Sensation to Cognition. Cohen. L.B., Salapatek, P. (eds.). New York: Academic Press 1975, pp. 133–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salapatek, P., Kessen, W.: Visual scanning of triangles by the human newborn. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 3, 155–167 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salapatek, P., Kessen, W.: Prolonged investigation of a plane geometric triangle by the human newborn. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 15, 22–29 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salzen, E.A.: Visual stimuli eliciting the smiling response in the human infant. J. Genet. Psychol. 102, 51–54 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, M., Scheibel. A.: Some structural and functional substrates of development in young cats. Prog. Brain Res. 9, 6–25 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senden. M. von: Raum-und Gestaltauffassung bei Operierten Blindgeborenen vor und nach der Operation. Leipzig: Barth 1932. Space and Sight. Heath. P. (transi.) Glencoe, 111.: Free Press 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherk. H., Stryker. M.P.: Quantitative study of cortical orientation selectivity in visually inexperienced kitten. J. Neurophysiol. 39. 63–70 (1976).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, S.M.: Role of the visual cortex in interocular transfer in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 30, 34–45 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sluyters, R.C. van, Stewart. D.L.: Binocular neurons of the rabbit’s visual cortex: effects of monocular sensory deprivation. Exp. Brain Res. 19, 196–204 (1974).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spalding. D.A.: Instinct, with original observations on young animals. Macmillan’s Magazine 27, 282–293 (1873) [Reprinted in Br. J. Anim. Behavior 2, 2-11 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, P.D., Ganz. L.: Effects of visual cortex lesions following recovery from monocular deprivation in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 23, 181–201 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, R.W.: Reestablishment of visuomotor coordinations by optic nerve regeneration. Anat. Rec. 84, 470 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, R.W.: Effect of 180 degree rotation of the retinal field on visuomotor coordination. J. Exp. Zool. 92, 263–279 (1943).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, R.W.: Mechanisms of neural maturation. In: Handbook of Experimental Psychology. Stevens, S.S. (ed.). New York: Wiley 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli, D.N., Hirsch. H.V.B., Phelps, R.W., Metzler, J.: Visual experience as a determinant of the response characteristics of cortical receptive fields in cats. Exp. Brain Res. 15, 289–304 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L.S., Cole, C.H.: Grafted eyes of young and old adult salamanders (Amblystoma punctatus) showing return of vision. Yale J. Biol. Med. 15, 735–754 (1943).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L.S., Ussher, N.T.: Return of vision and other observations in replanted amphibian eyes. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 25. 213–215 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stryker, M.P., Sherk, H.: Modification of cortical orientation selectivity in the cat by restricted visual experience: a reexamination. Science 190, 904–906 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D.M.: Is congenital esotropia functionally curable? J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. 11, 3–35 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tees, R.C: Effect of early visual restriction on later visual intensity discrimination in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 66, 224–227 (1968a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tees, R.C: Effect of early restriction on later form discrimination in the rat. Can. J. Psychol. 22, 294–301 (1968b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tees. R.C: Luminance and luminous flux discrimination in rats after early visual deprivation. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 74, 292–297 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tees, R.C: Perceptual development in mammals. In: Studies on the Development of Behavior and the Nervous System. Vol. III. Neural and behavioral specificity. Gottlieb, G. (ed.). New-York: Academic Press 1976, pp. 282–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teller. D.Y., Morse, R., Borton, E., Regal, D.: Visual acuity for vertical and diagonal gratings in human infants. Vision Res. 14, 1433–1439 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen. N., Perdeck. A.C.: On the stimulus situation releasing the begging response in the newly hatched Herring Gull chick (Larus a. argentatus). Behaviour 3, 1–9 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J.P., Walker, J.B., Kelley, R.L., Riesen. A.H.: Neurochemical correlates of sensory deprivation. In: The Developmental Neuropsychology of Sensory Deprivation. Riesen, A.H. (ed.). New York: Academic Press 1975, pp. 93–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M.: Hebb and Senden on the role of learning in perception. Am. J. Psychol. 64, 133–137 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesel, T.N., Hubel, D.H.: Single-celled responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 1003–1017 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesel, T.N., Hubel, D.H.: Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1029–1040 (1965a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesel, T.N., Hubel, D.H.: Extent of recovery from the effects of visual deprivation in kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1060–1072 (1965b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesel, T.N., Hubel, D.H.: Ordered arrangement of orientation columns in monkeys lacking visual experience. J. Comp. Neurol. 158, 307–318 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, B.M.: Visual preferences of human infants for representations of the human face. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 7, 10–20 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, B.M., Clayton, F.L.: Infant visual fixation on motion pictures of the human face. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 6, 22–32 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P.D., Riesen, A.H.: Visual development in rhesus monkeys neonatally deprived of patterned light. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 61, 87–95 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, P.: Observations on the early development of smiling. In: Determinants of Infant Behavior II. Second Tavistock Seminar on Mother-Infant Interaction, London, 1961. Foss, B.M. (ed.). New York: Wiley 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff, A.B., Wickens, D.D.: The effect of severe restriction of visual experience on form perception in the white rat. Am. Psychologist 6, 291 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zablocka, T., Konorski, J., Zernicki, B.: Visual discrimination learning in cats with different early visual experiences. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 35, 389–398 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, R.R.: Analysis of discrimination learning capacities in the infant rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 54, 1–10 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, R.R.: Form generalization in the infant monkey. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 55, 918–923 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, C.B., Rock, I.: A reappraisal of the role of past experience and innate organizing processes in visual perception. Psychol. Bull. 54, 269–296 (1957)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stanford, Calif., USA

    Leo Ganz

Authors
  1. Leo Ganz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Psychology, E10-139, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

    Richard Held

  2. Psychology Department, Pennsylvania State University, 417 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Herschel W. Leibowitz

  3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

    Hans-Lukas Teuber

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ganz, L. (1978). Innate and Environmental Factors in the Development of Visual Form Perception. In: Held, R., Leibowitz, H.W., Teuber, HL. (eds) Perception. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46354-9_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46354-9_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-46356-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-46354-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation