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High Melting Metals and Alloys in Tube Design

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Materials and Processes of Electron Devices

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References on High Melting Metals Condensed Papers and Books on Tungsten

  1. Alterthum, H.: Wolfram (Tungsten). Braunschweig 1925.

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  2. Forsythe and Pirani: Measurements of Radiant Energy. New York: McGraw Hill.

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  3. Jeffries and Archer: The Science of Metals. New York: (McGraw Hill) 1924.

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  4. Lax, E., and M. Pirani: Wolfram (Tungsten) in Lehrbuch der Techn. Physik vol. 3. Leipzig 1929.

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  5. Li, K. C., and Chi Yu Wang: Tungsten. New York 1946.

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  6. Palme, R.: Glas-u. Hochvakuumtechnik vol. 1 (1952) pp. 134–139 — Planseeberichte (1953) pp. 61-71.

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  7. Smithells, C. J.: Tungsten. A treatise on its metallurgy, properties and applications. 318 pages. London: Chapman and Hall 1952. (Most complete treatment, many references.)

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Physical and Chemical Properties of Tungsten

  1. Agte, C., and K. Becker: Phys. Z. vol.32 (1931) p. 65. (Torsion Modulus of Wolfram.)

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  2. Ahearn, A. J.: Effect of Temperature, Degree of Thoriation and Breakdown on Field Currents from Tungsten and Thoriated Tungsten. Phys. Rev. vol.50 (1936) p. 238.

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  3. Ahearn, A. J., and J.A. Becker (Bell Tel. Lab.): Electron Microscope Studies of Thoriated Tungsten. Phys. Rev. vol. 54 (1938) pp. 448–448.

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  4. Andrews, M. R.: Evaporation of Thorium from Tungsten. Phys. Rev. vol.33 (1929) p. 454.

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  5. Andrews, M.R.: J. Phys. Chem. vol.27 (1923) p. 270. (W, WC, W 2, C; el. resistivity.)

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  6. Andrews, M. R., and S. Dushman: Diffusion of Carbon through Tungsten and Carbide. J. Phys. Chem. vol.29 (1925) p. 462. (WC, W 2 C; el. resistivity.)

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  7. Balke, C. W.: Industr. Engng. Chem. vol.21 (1929) p. 1006. (W, Ta, Na.)

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  8. Becker, J. A.: Thermionic Emission and Adsorption. Rev. Mod. Phys. vol.7 (1935) p. 95.

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  9. Berger, W.: Annealing of Tungsten Helix. German patent DRP 653603.

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  10. Bien, R. P. (M.I.T.): A Study of the Crystal Structure of Heat-Treated Tungsten Filaments. Phys. Rev. vol.47 (1935) p. 806A.

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  11. Brattain, W. H., and J. A. Becker: Thermionic and Adsorption Characteristics of Thorium on Tungsten. Phys. Rev. vol.43 (1933) p. 428.

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  12. Bremmer, H., and W. Haas: On the Conduction of Heat by Some Metals at Low Temperatures. Physica Haag vol. 3 (1936) pp. 672–686, No. 7.

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  13. Brown, A. A.: Preparation of Tung3ten Single-Crystal Faces for Thermionic Emission Studies. Phys. Rev. vol.60 (1941) p. 120 (Summary only). (Etching by K3Fe(CN)6 and NaOH, then polishing.)

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  14. Coblenz, W. W.: Int. Crit. Tables vol.5 (1929) p. 238. (Strahlungskonstanten.)

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  15. Davisson, C.,and L. H. Germer: The Thermionic Work-Function of Tungsten. Phys. Rev. vol.20 (1932) p. 300.

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  16. de Boer, I. H.: Ind. Chem. vol.19 (1927) p. 1256. (Zircon.)

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  17. Dodge, H. L.: Phys. Rev. (2) vol.11 (1918) p. 311. (Constants of W)

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  18. Ebert, F., and H. Flasch: Neue Anschauungen über niedere Wolframoxyde. Z. anorg. allg. Chem. vol. 226 (1935) pp. 65–81, No. 1.

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  19. Estabrook, G. B.: University of Pittsburgh Bull. vol.29 (1933) No. 3.

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  20. Fonda, G. R.: Burnout of Incandescent Lamps. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol. 32 (1929). (Gas-filled lamps.)

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  21. Forsythe, W. E., and E.Q. Adams: Radiation Characteristics of Tungsten and Tungsten Lamps. J.O.S.A. vol.35 (1945) pp. 108–113.

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  22. Forsythe, W. E., and E. M. Watson (Gen. El. Co.): Resistance and Radiation of Tungsten as a Function of Temperature. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. 24 (1934) pp. 114–118.

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  23. Forsythe, W. E., and A. G. Worthing: The Properties of Tungsten and the Characteristics of Tungsten Lamps. Astrophysical J. vol. 61 (1925) pp. 146–185.

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  24. Fowler, R. H., and L. Nordheim: Electron Emission in Intense Electric Fields. Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A. vol.119 (1918) p. 173.

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  25. Geiss, W.: Physica vol.3 (1923) p. 232. (W-monocrystal constants.)

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  26. Gehlhoff, G.: Lehrbuch der technischen Physik; Bd. III. Die Physik der Stoffe. Leipzig 1928.

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  27. Hidnert, P., and W. T. Sweeney: Thermal Expansion of Tungsten. Scientific papers of the Bureau of Standards No. 515 (1925) pp. 483–487.

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  28. Hoyt, S. L.: Ductile Tungsten. Metal and Alloys. vol.6 (1935) pp. 11–18.

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  29. Jarvis, G. A.: Positive Ions from Thoriated Tungsten. Phys. Rev. vol.70 (1946) p. 106.

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  30. Jeffries, Z.: Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Metallurg. Engng. vol.60 (1919) p. 474. (Mechanical properties of tungsten between 0 and 900°C.)

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  31. Johnson, R. P (Gen. El. Co.): Construction of Filament Surfaces. Phys. Rev. vol.54 (1938) p. 459–467. (Structure depends on whether the lamp was evacuated or gas-filled, and on whether it was run on a. c. or d. c.)

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  32. Johnson, R. P., A. B. White and R.B. Nelson (Eastman Res. Lab. and M.I.T.) An Engine for Smoothing Small Tungsten Wires. Rev. Sci. Instr. vol. 9 (1938) pp. 253 to 255. (For better interpretation of data on thermionic emission, field emission, adsorption, spectral emissivity, and related phenomena. Grinding time about 100 hours.)

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  33. Jones, H.A. (Gen. El. Co.): A Temperature Scale for Tungsten. Phys. Rev. vol.28 (July 1926) pp. 202–207.

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  34. Jones, H. A., and I. Langmuir: The Characteristic of Tungsten Filaments as Functions of Temperature. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol.30 (1927) p. 310, 354, and 408.

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  35. Jones, H. A., I. Langmuir and G. M. J. Mackay: The Rates of Evaporation and the Vapor-Pressures of Tungsten, Molybdenum, Platinum, Nickel, Iron, Copper and Silver. Phys. Rev. vol. 30 (1927) pp. 201–214.

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  36. Jones, T. I.: Thermionic Emission. London: Methuen Co. 1936.

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  37. Kohl, W. H.: Materials Technology for Electron Tubes. New York: Reinhold 1951.

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  38. Koller, L. R.: The Physics of Electron Tubes. New York: McGraw Hill 1937.

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  39. Kramers, H. A.: On the Theory of X-ray Absorption and of the Continuous X-ray Spectrum. Phil. Mag. vol.16 (1923) p. 836. — See also Silberstein: Phil. Mag. vol. 19 (1935) p. 1042. — Kaye and Binks: Brit. J. Rad. vol. 13 (1940) vol. 193. (Formula of the “brems-strahlung” as a function of wavelength.)

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  40. Langmuir, I.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. vol.35 (1913) p. 931 — Z. anorg. allgem. Chem. vol. 85 (1914) p. 261. (Combination of evaporated tungsten atoms with nitrogen molecules to WN 2, forming brown deposit if reaching the tube wall.)

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  41. Langmuir, J., and J. B. Thaylor: Radiation and Absorption of Energy by Tungsten Filaments at Low Temperature. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol.25 (1935) p. 321–325, No. 10. (Radiation of a thoriated-tungsten filament and absorption of this energy by the surrounding bulb.)

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  42. Liempt, J.A.M. van, and H.W. Geiss: DRP. 529338/24/31. (Mo case for W coil manufacturing.)

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  43. Michels, W. C., and M. Cox: The Thermal Conductivity of Tungsten. Physics vol.7 (1936) p. 153–155, No. 4.

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  44. Nichols, M. H., and R. Smoluchowski: Average Thermionic Constants for Single Crystal Tungsten Wire. Work function and double layer. Phys. Rev. vol.59 (1941) p. 944. (Summaries only.)

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  45. Nottingham, W. B.: Thermionic Emission from Tungsten and Thoriated Tungsten Filaments. Phys. Rev. vol.49 (1936) p. 78.

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  46. Osborn, R. H. (Univ. of Pittsburgh): Thermal Conductivities of Tungsten and Molybdenum at Incandescent Temperatures. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol. 31 (1941) pp. 428–432, H.6.

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  47. Ornstein, L. S.: Tables of the Emissivity of Tungsten as a Function of Wavelength in the Region of Temperature 1600°–3000° K. Physica vol. 3 (1936) pp. 561–562.

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  48. Ptitzyn, S. W.: Gasabgabe des Wolframs bei seiner Erhitzung im Vakuum. J. techn. Phys. (in Russian) vol. 4 (1936) pp. 1189–1194.

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  49. Robinson, C. S. Jr.: Rate of Crystal Growth in Drawn Tungsten Wires as a, Function of Temperature. J. Appl. Phys. vol.13 (1942) pp. 647–651.

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  50. Schriever, W.: Phys. Rev. (2) vol.23 (1924) p. 255. (Torsion modulus of tungsten.)

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  51. Smithells, C. J.: Tungsten. London 1926.

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  52. Ulrey, C. T.: An Experimental Investigation of the Energy in the Continuous X-ray Spectra of Certain Elements. Phys. Rev. vol.11 (1948) p. 401. (X-ray intensity as a function of wavelength [continuous spectrum] for tungsten targets.)

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  53. Worthing, A. G.: Effect of Strong Electrostatic Fields on the Vaporization of Tungsten II. Phys. Rev. vol.17 (1921) p. 418.

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Manufacturing of Tungsten

  1. Beggs, E. W.: Electr. J. (Feb. 1938) p. 52.

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  2. Coolidge, W. D.: 1. Powder Metallurgy of Tungsten. J. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engng. vol.29 (1910) p. 961 2. J. Roentgen Soc. vol.17 (1921) p. 23. (Casting process of Cu onto tungsten discs in vacuo.)

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  3. Grebel, B. F. S.: DRP. 527217, 26/31. (Securing of W wires in Ni grid supports by beating.)

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  4. Gross, R.: Manufacturing of Single-Crystal Tungsten Wire. J. Radiol. vol.15 (1918) p. 270.

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  5. Jacobi, K., and F. Kobef (Non-sag wire): German patent DRP 371623 (1923).

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  6. Jeffries, Z.: Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Metallurg. Engrs. vol.60 (1919) p. 588. (Metallography of Tungsten; non-sag wires.)

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  7. Jones, H. A.: Chem. Metallurg. Engrs. vol.22 (1920) p. 9. (Manufacturing of Tungsten.)

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  8. Jones, H.A., and I. Langmuir Gen. El. CO.): Manufacturing of Tungsten. Chem. Metallurg. Engrs. vol.22 (1920) p. 9.

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  9. Kieffer, R., and F. Benesovsky: Wolfram, seine Metallurgie, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Elektrotechnik u. Masch.-Bau vol. 65 (1948) pp. 17–24.

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  10. Knepper, E.: Die Fabrikation von Wolframdrähten für el. Glühlampen und Radioröhren. Leipzig 1930. (Manufacturing of tungsten wires for incandescent lamps and radio tubes.)

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  11. Koref, F., and R. Moers: (Non-sag wire) German patent 424879 (1926).

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  12. Lax, E., and M. Pirani (in Geiger-Scheel X4): Handbuch der Physik. vol.19, p. 440. (Life of W-wires.)

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  13. Lee, J. A.: Tungsten and Tantalum. Chem. Engng. (Sept. 1948) p. 110.

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  14. Moers, K., and K. Sichling: Über das Ziehen von Drähten allerfeinster Durchmesser. Werkstattstechnik u. Werksleiter vol. 30 (1936) pp. 21–23, H. 2. (Drawing of very thin wires.)

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  15. Pintsch, A. G.: DRP 291 994, 1916 (Production of W monocrystalline wires.)

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  16. Power, A.D., and I. M. Kakascik (RCA Harrison): Particle-Size Distribution of Tungsten and Molybdenum Powders, p. 311 in The Physics of Powder Metallurgy, chapt. 19, 1951.

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  17. Schaller, O.: Single-Crystal Tungsten Wire. Z. angew. Chem. vol.30 (1917) p. 71.

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  18. Schwarzkopf, P.: Sublimation Process for Manufacturing of Tungsten and Molybdenum. German patents DRP 480287, DRP 521570 (1931); DRP 566948 (1932).

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  19. Skaupy, F.: Metallkeramik (Powder metallurgy, growing of suitable crystals). Berlin 1930.

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  20. Smithells, C. J.: ThO2 and other Tungsten Alloys. J. Inst. Met., Lond. vol.27 (1922) p. 107.

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  21. Smithells, C. J.: Tungsten. London 1926.

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  22. Westinghouse Corp.: ThO2 — Tungsten Alloy. Austrian patent No. 41247 (1910)

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Filaments for Incandescent Lamps and Cathodes

  1. Aboville, R. De: Rev. Gen. Electr. vol.37 (1935) p. 161.

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  2. Abshagen, F.: Die Doppelwendellampe für Allgemeinbeleuchtung. Das Licht vol.5 (1935) p. 199.

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  3. Barnes, B. T., W. E. Forsythe and W. J. Karach: 1. Spectral Distribution of Radiation from Lamps of Various Types. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol. 42 (1939) No. 12,. pp. 540–543. (Tables on Gaseous Discharge Lamps, Fluorescent Lamps, Tungsten Filament Lamps, Black-Bodies, Solar Energy Flux.) 2. Spectral Radiant Intensities of some Tungsten Filament Incandescent Lamps. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. vol.26 (1936) p. 313.

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  4. Bastaymac, E.: Über die Lebensdauer einer glühenden Wolframwendel und die Verdampfungsgeschwindigkeit des Wolframs im Hochvakuum. Z. angew. Phys. vol.2 (1950) p. 347.

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  5. Beggs, E. W. (Westinghouse Lamp Co.): 1. The Value of Quality in Mazda Lamps. Elektro-J. vol. 34 (1937), No. 12 pp. 475–477 2. Precision in Manufacture Improves Lamp Quality. Elektro-J. vol. 35 (1938) pp. 51-54, No. 2. (Reduction of WO 3, diamond dies, coil winding, inspection of filaments.)

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  6. Daily, H. J.: Designing Thoriated Tungsten Filaments. Electronics (Jan. 1948) pp. 107-109.

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  7. Forsythe, W. E., and E. Q. Adams: Effect of Voltage Change on the Light Output of Tungsten-Filament Incandescent I amps. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol. 39 (1936) pp. 497 to 500.

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  8. Forsythe, W. E., and A. G. Worthing: The Properties of Tungsten and the Characteristics of Tungsten Lamps. Astrophys. J. vol.61 (1925) p. 146.

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  9. Geiss, W.: The Development of the Coiled-Coil Lamp. Philips techn. Rev. vol. 1 (April 1936) pp. 97–101.

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  10. Goucher, F. S.: DRP 599896 (1921). (Interlocked NS tungsten wire.)

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  11. Haller, C. E. (RCA): Filament and Heater Characteristics. Electronics vol. 17 (July 1944) pp. 126–131. (Math. analysis of volt-ampere characteristics of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and nickel filaments. Resulting equations are plotted as reference chart that gives filament current, temperature and wattage for any electron tube at various operating voltages, see Table 1 and Fig. 1.)

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  12. Horsting, C. W.: Carbide Structures in Carburized Thoriated Tungsten Filaments. J. Appl. Phys. vol. 18 (1947).

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  13. Jakobi, R., and F. Koref: DRP 371623 (1921). (Interlocked NS tungsten wire.) [95] Jones, H. A., and L. Langmuir: The Characteristics of Tungsten Pilaments as a Function of Temperature. Gen. Electr. Rev. vol. 30 (1927) vol. 310, 354, and 408.

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  14. Judd, D. B.: Change in Color Temperature of Tungsten-Filament Lamps at Constant Voltage.

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  15. Knepper, E.: Die Fabrikation und Berechnung der modernen Metalldraht-Glühlampen. (Manufacturing and Design of Modern Metal-Wire Incandescent Lamps.) Leipzig 1926.

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  16. Koref, W.: Z. techn. Phys. vol.7 (1926) p. 544.

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  17. Koref, F., and H. C. Plaut: Über die Lebensdauer der luftleeren und gasgefüllten Wendellampen und die Ursachen ihres Durchbrennens. Z. techn. Phys. vol.11 (1930) p. 515. (Life of incandescent vacuum and gas-filled lamps of the helix type and the reason for their failure.)

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  18. Koref, W., and K. Moers: DRP 474879 (1923). (Interlocked NS tungsten wire.)

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  19. Kurlander, J. H. (West. Lamp Co.): Radio Panel Lamps and their Characteristics. Proc. Inst. Rad. Engng. vol. 24 (1936) pp. 584–590. (Crystal Formation of Untreated, Non-sag and Sag Tungsten Wire.)

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  20. Langmuir, I.: Thoriated Tungsten Filaments. J.F.I. vol.217 (1934) pp. 543–569.

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  21. Langmuir, L, S. Mclane and K. Blodgett: The Effect of End Losses on the Characteristics of Filaments of Tungsten and Other Materials. Phys. Rev. vol.35 (1930) p. 478.

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  22. Langmuir, I., and I. B. Taylor: Heat Conductivity of Tungsten and the (ooling Effects of Leads upon Filaments at Low Temperatures. Phys. Rev. vol.50 (1936) p. 68.

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  23. Lax, E., and M. Pirani: in Geiger-Scheel: Handbuch der Physik, vol. 19, p. 440 (Life of hot tungsten wires) — vol.19 (1928) p. 400. (Pyrcmeter lamp.)

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  24. Lieb, J. W.: Trans. Hum. Engng. Soc. vol.18 (1923) p. 5. (Pictures of helical and straight filaments, run on a. c. and d. c. in gas and in vacuum.)

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  25. Liempt, J. A. M. Van, and W. Geiss: DRP 529338/24/31. (Mo core for W coil manufacturing.)

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  26. Meijering, J. L., and Rieck, G. D.: Die Funktion von Zusätzen in Wolfram für Glühfäden. Philips Techn. Rundschau Jg. 19 (1957/58) No. 4.

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  27. Mesnard and Uzan: Some Prevailing Treatments of Tungsten Filaments for Electron Tubes. (In French) Le Vide (5) vol. 30 (1950) pp. 896–904.

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  28. Millar, P. S.: The Qualities of Incandescent Lamps. Engineering vol. 55 (1936) pp. 516–523, 529. (Testing devices, shrinkage, comparison with imported lamps.)

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  29. Müller, N. L.: Die Fabrikation und Eigenschaften der Metalldrahtlampen. Halle 1914. (Contains early references.)

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  30. Reid, R. B.: Detection of Oil Contamination of Tungsten Wire. Sylv. Techn. vol.4 (1951) p. 54, No. 2.

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  31. Rieck, G. D.: The Texture of Drawn Tungsten Wires. Philips Techn. Rundschau Jg. 19 (1957/58) No. 5.

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  32. Schröter: Die Glimmlampe und ihre Schaltungen. Leipzig (1932) p. 498.

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  33. Smithells, C. J.: High Temperature Phenomena of Tungsten Filaments. Trans. Faraday Soc. vol.17 (1921) p. 485. (Corrosion of incandescent filaments by H2O-vapor.)

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  34. Ullmann, F.: Enzyklopädie der Techn. Chemie. Wien 1930.

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  35. Ungelenk, A., and J. Wiehr: Z. VDI vol.74 (1930) p. 431. (Design of X-ray tubes.)

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  36. Voogd, J.: Tungsten-Ribbon Lamps for Optical Measurements. Philips Techn. Rev. vol.5 (1940) pp.82–87. (Design and description of several types.)

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  37. Weber, H.: Die elektrischen Metalldrahtglühlampen. Leipzig 1914. (Contains early references.)

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  38. Wegener, A.: Die Herstellung der Osramlampen. (The Manufacturing of Osram Incandescent Lamps.) Berlin 1927.

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  39. Worthing, A. G.: Theory of End-Loss Corrections and its Application to Uniform Electrically-Heated Tungsten Filamentsin Vacuo. J.Franklin Inst. vol.194 (1922) p. 597.

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  40. Zwicker, C.: Physikalische Eigenschaften von Wolfram bei hohen Temperaturen. Physica vol.5 (1925) p. 252. (Efficiency as a function of life and temperature.)

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Other Applications of Tungsten

  1. Bouwen, A.: Roentgen Tube with a Rotating Anode and an Anode Cooler. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. vol.48 (1933) p. 237.

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  2. Berthold, R.: Grundlagen der technischen Röntgendurchstrahlung. Leipzig 1930.

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  3. Cieriorra, H., and W. Dawihl: Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Wolfram-Wendelöfen für hohe Temperaturen. Keram. Rdsch. vol. 44 (1938) pp. 171–172, No. 15 — Techn. wiss. Abh. Osram-Konzern vol.4 (1936) p. 114. (Tungsten furnaces for high temperatures.)

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  4. Dresler, A., R. Schmidt and H. Willenberg: Ein Gerät zur Registrierung von Widerstandsänderungen dünner Drähte. Techn. wiss. Abh. Osram-Konzern vol. 4 (1936) pp. 100–103. (Recording of change in resistance of thin thungsten wires.)

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  5. Fehse, W.: Elektrische Öfen und Heizkörper aus Wolfram. Braunschweig 1928.

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  6. Gross, M. J., and Z. J. Attlee: Progress in Design of Rotating-Anode Tubes. Amer. J. Roentgenol. vol.41 (1939) p. 276.

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  7. Halberstadt: Techn. Mitt. Röntgenbetriebe (1933) No. 14, sec. 1. (W-Anticathodes.)

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  8. Kramers, H.A.: On the Theory of X-ray Absorption and of the Continuous X-ray Spectrum. Phil. Mag. vol. 16 (1923) p.836. (See also Silberstein: Phil. Brit. J. Radiol. vol. 13 [1940] p. 193: Formula of the “Brems-strahlung” as a function of wavelength.)

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  9. Kulin, S. A.: Fluorescent Inspection of Tungsten. Electronics vol. 16 (July 1943) p. 95, 160 and 162. (Detection of minute longitudinal cracks by a fluorescent penetrant method. See figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.)

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  10. Machlett Lab.: Rotating-Anode Performance. Cathode Press (Springer 1947) p. 4.

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  11. Machlett, R. R., and T. H. Rogers: A New Design for Increasing the Heat-Dissipating Capacity of Rotating-Anode Tubes. Amer. J. Roentgenol. vol.48 (1942) p. 685.

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  12. Northrup, E. F.: Met. Chem. Engrs. vol.11 (1913) p. 45. (W-Mo Thermoelement.)

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  13. Pirani: Elektrothermie. Berlin 1930.

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  14. Pirani, M., and Wangenheim: Z. techn. Phys. vol.6 (1925) p. 358. (WWMo-Thermocouple.)

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  15. Rogers, T. H.: A High-Intensity Source of Long-Wavelength X-rays. Proc. Inst. Radio Engrs. vol.35 (1947) p. 236.

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  16. Spitzer, E.E.: Anode Materials for High-Vacuum Tubes. Engineering vol. 54 (1935) pp. 1246–1251. (W for high frequencies, Ni for inexpensive constructions, Mo for min. weight, graphite for uniformity of characteristics; high heat dissipation by conyection-or conduction-cooled copper anodes.)

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  17. Ungelenk, A.: Fortschr. Röntgenstr. vol.49 (1934) p. 166. (Rotating Anticathodes made from W.)

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  18. J. Wiehr: Z. VDI vol.74 (1930) p. 431. (X-ray Tube Design.) — IV. Internationaler Radiologen-Kongreß, Bd. II, Zürich 1934. (Overloading of X-ray anticathodes.)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technische Hochschule München, Germany

    Max Knoll (Dr.-Ing., Professor of Electronics, Fellow)

  2. Dept. El. Engineering, Princeton University, USA

    Max Knoll (Dr.-Ing., Professor of Electronics, Fellow)

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  1. Max Knoll
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© 1959 Springer-Verlag OHG., Berlin Göttingen/Heidelberg

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Knoll, M. (1959). High Melting Metals and Alloys in Tube Design. In: Materials and Processes of Electron Devices. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45936-8_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45936-8_4

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