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Gravitational Astronomy

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Springer Handbook of Spacetime

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Abstract

This chapter is about opening the gravitational window to observe the Universe. Although the weakest of all known forces, gravity plays a dominant role in forming stars and galaxies, shaping the large-scale structure, and driving the expansion of the Universe. Gravity has so far played a passive role in our understanding. We only witness its influence indirectly by observing its effect on star light (Doppler effect, cosmological redshift, gravitational lensing, etc.). However, we are at a momentous period that could soon transform our picture of the Universe by opening the gravitational window for observational astronomy. Gravitational waves have already been critical for understanding how neutron star binaries evolve [1] [2]. However, we have not directly observed the waves themselves. This will change before the end of this decade when several different methods of observing gravitational waves will reach sensitivity levels at which we should finally begin to unravel some of the deepest questions in astronomy, cosmology, and fundamental physics. The chapter by van den Broeck will deal with the two latter topics. In this chapter, we will discuss what gravitational waves are (Sect. 26.2), how they interact with matter (Sect. 26.3), on-going and future projects aimed at detecting cosmic gravitational waves (Sect. 26.4), expected and speculative astronomical sources, and a list of open problems on which gravitational astronomy could shed some light (Sect. 26.5).

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Abbreviations

BBH:

binary black hole

BNS:

binary neutron star

CERN:

European Organization for Nuclear Research

CMB:

cosmic microwave background

COBE:

Cosmic Background Explorer

CW:

continuous wave

DECIGO:

Decihertz Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

ET:

Einstein telescope

GRB:

gamma-ray burst

HILV:

LIGO-Hanford, LIGO-India, LIGO-Livingston, Virgo

KAGRA:

Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector

LIGO:

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

LISA:

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

LMXB:

low-mass x-ray binary

NSBH:

a neutron star and a black hole

PN:

post-Newtonian

PTA:

pulsar timing array

QNM:

quasi-normal mode

SMBBH:

supermassive black hole binar

SNR:

signal-to-noise ratio

TT:

transverse traceless

UV:

ultraviolet

WDB:

white dwarf binary

aLIGO:

advanced LIGO

eLISA:

evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

iLIGO:

initial LIGO

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  1. School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, 5 The Parade, CF24 3AA, Cardiff, UK

    B. Suryanarayana Sathyaprakash

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  1. Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, 16802, University Park, PA, USA

    Abhay Ashtekar

  2. Institute for Foundational Studies Hermann Minkowski, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Vesselin Petkov

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Sathyaprakash, B.S. (2014). Gravitational Astronomy. In: Ashtekar, A., Petkov, V. (eds) Springer Handbook of Spacetime. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41992-8_26

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