Abstract
Effects of disturbance in the marine environment are assessed, in situ or in the laboratory, based on various indicators, including measures of change in benthic community attributes (abundance, biomass, composition, diversity). The benthic organisms used usually represent the macrobenthos, but the meiobenthos is increasing frequently recommended for such assessments. In anticipation of the polymetallic nodule extraction from the abyssal Pacific areas, a number of field experiments were conducted in which seafloor alteration resembling that accompanying nodule mining, or effects similar to those expected from mining activities, was simulated using various devices: a test miner (the 1975–1980, with a 2006 follow-up, DOMES experiment in CCFZ), a plough-harrow (the 1989–1996 DISCOL experiment in the Peru Basin, S Pacific), and a Benthic Disturber (Benthic Impact Experiments or BIEs: the 1991–1993 US-Russian Joint BIE, the 1994–1997 JET, and the 1995–2000 IOM BIE, all in CCFZ). The severity of impact was assessed by analysing, more or less comprehensively, changes in meiobenthic community-related variables which included qualitative (taxonomic composition, with a finer resolution in nematodes and harpacticoid copepods) and quantitative (abundances of total meiobenthos and of the key taxa, relative abundances) characteristics. Attempts were also made to assess the degree of recovery from the disturbance by re-sampling the disturbed areas at various time intervals post-disturbance. Meiobenthic communities were observed to be affected by the disturbance, reduced abundances immediately post-disturbance being the major community-level manifestation of impact. Effects observed during follow-up studies differed considerably ; although, in most cases, the overall community recovery was recorded, sometimes as early as several months after the disturbance, the composition of both nematode and harpacticoid taxocoenes was altered. The causes underlying the alteration are difficult to be unequivocally explained. The patch mosaic effects which could have been at play could have been accompanied by effects of some natural phenomena such as episodes of phytodetritus sedimentation known to affect deep-sea meiobenthic communities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adams WJ, Kimerle RA, Barnett JW (1992) Sediment quality and aquatic life assessment. Environ Sci Technol 26:1864–1875
Ahnert A, Schriever G (2001) Response of abyssal copepoda harpacticoida (crustacea) and other meiobenthos to an artificial disturbance and its bearing on future mining for polymetallic nodules. Deep Sea Res II 48:779–3794
Aller JY (1997) Benthic community response to temporal and spatial gradients in physical disturbance within a deep-sea western boundary region. Deep-Sea Res I 44:39–69
Alongi DM (1985) Effect of physical disturbance on population dynamics and trophic interactions among microbes and meiofauna. J Mar Res 43:351–364
Anonymus (1987) Chapter 6 Environmental considerations. In: Marine minerals: exploring our new ocean frontier. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-0-342, Washington, D.C., 215-245 (accessed via www.vws.princeton.edu)
Austen MC, McEvoy AJ (1997) The use of offshore meiobenthic communities in laboratory microcosm experiments: response to heavy metal contamination. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 211:247–261
Austen MC, Widdicombe S, Villano-Pitacco N (1998) Effects of biological disturbance on diversity and structure of meiobenthic nematode communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 174:33–246
Baker CM, Bett BJ, Billett DSM et al (2001) An environmental perspective. In: WWF/IUCN, the status of natural resources on the high seas. WWF/IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
Balsamo M, Semprucci F, Frontalini F et al (2012) Meiofauna as a tool for marine ecosystem biomonitoring. In: Cruzado A (ed) Marine ecosystems. InTech, doi: 10.5772/34423
Barnes DKA (1999) The influence of ice on polar nearshore benthos. J Mar Biol Ass UK 79:401–407
Barnes B, Sidhu HS, Roxburgh H (2006) A model integrating patch dynamics, competing species and the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Ecol Model 194:414–420
Barnett B, Yamauchi H (1995) Deep sea sediment resuspension system used for the Japan deep sea impact experiment. In: Yamazaki T, Aso K, Okano Y et al. (eds) Proceedings of ISOPE—Ocean Mining Symposium, pp 175–179, Tsukuba, Japan, 21–22 Nov 1995
Berge S, Markussen JM, Vigerust G (1991) Environmental consequences of deep seabed mining. Problem areas and regulations. Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Lysaker
Bett BJ, Narayanaswamy BE (2014) Genera as proxies for species α- and β-diversity: tested across a deep-water Atlantic-Arctic boundary. Mar Ecol doi: 10.1111/maec.12100
Boesch DF, Rosenberg R (1981) Response to stress in marine benthic communities. In: Barrett GW, Rosenberg R (eds) Stress effects on natural ecosystems. Wiley, New York
Borja A, Muxika I (2005) Guidelines for the use of AMBI (AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index) in the assessment of the benthic ecological quality. Mar Poll Bull 50:787–789
Borowski C (2001) Physically disturbed deep-sea macrofauna in the Peru Basin, southeast Pacific, revisited 7 years after the experimental impact. Deep-Sea Res II 48:3809–3839
Brockett T, Richards CZ (1994) Deepsea mining simulator for environmental impact studies. Sea Technol 35(8):77–82
Burd BJ (2002) Evaluation of mine tailings effects on a benthic marine infaunal community over 29 years. Mar Environ Res 53:481–519
Cadotte MW (2007) Competition-colonization trade-offs and disturbance effects at multiple scales. Ecology 88:823–829
Cardinale BJ, Nelson K, Palmer MA (2000) Linking species diversity to the functioning of ecosystems: on the importance of environmental context. Oikos 91:175–183
Carman KR, Thistle D, Fleeger JW et al (2004) Influence of introduced CO2 on deep-sea metazoan meiofauna. J Oceanog 60:767–772
Chung JS (2013) Commercial mining system development for manganese nodules: take direct-to- or incremental-to-5,000-m approach? In: Chung JS, Komai T (eds) Proceedings of 10th ISOPE Ocean Mining Gas Hydrates Symposium, pp 1–4, Szczecin, Poland, 22–26 Sep 2013
Chung JS, Schriever G, Sharma R et al (eds) (2002) Deep seabed mining environment: preliminary engineering and environmental assessment. ISOPE Spec Rep OMS-EN-1, ISOPE, Cupertino, California, USA
Clarke KR, Warwick RM (2001) Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, 2nd edn. Primer-E, Plymouth
Colangelo MA, Macrí T, Ceccherelli VU (1996) A field experiment on the effect of two types of sediment disturbance on the rate of recovery of a meiobenthic community in a eutrophicated lagoon. Hydrobiologia 329:57–67
Connell JH (1978) Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Sci New Ser 199:1302–1310
Cowie PR, Widdicombe S, Austen MC (2000) Effects of physical disturbance on an estuarine intertidal community: field and mesocosm results compared. Mar Biol 136:485–495
Creed EL, Coull BC (1984) Sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske), and sea pansy, Renilla reniformis (Cuvier): effects on meiofaunal abundance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 84:225–234
Danovaro R (2000) Benthic microbial loop and meiofaunal response to oil-induced disturbance in coastal sediments: a review. Inter J Environ Poll 13:380–391
Dye AH, Lasiak TA (1986) Microbenthos, meiobenthos and fiddler crabs: trophic interactions in a tropical mangrove sediment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 32:259–264
Fleeger JW, Shirley TC, Carls MG et al (1996) Meiofaunal recolonization experiment with oiled sediments. Am Fish Soc Symp 18:271–285
Flentje W, Lee SE, Virnovskaia A et al (2012) Polymetallic nodule mining: innovative concepts for commercialisation. University Southampton, LRET Collegium 2012 Series, 5
Fontaubert AC de (2001) Legal and political considerations. In: WWF/IUCN, the status of natural resources on the high-seas. WWF/IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
Franz DR, Friedman I (2002) Effects of a macroalgal mat (Ulva lactuca) on estuarine sand flat copepods: an experimental study. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 271:209–226
Fukushima T (1995) Overview “Japan Deep-Sea Impact Experiment = JET”. In: Yamazaki T, Aso K, Okano Y et al (eds) Proceedings of ISOPE—Ocean Mining Symposium, pp 47–53, Tsukuba, Japan, 21-22 Nov 1995
Gallucci F, Moens T, Vanreusel A et al (2008) Active colonisation of disturbed sediments by deep-sea nematodes: evidence for the patch mosaic model. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 367:173–183
Glasby GP (2000) Lessons learned from deep-sea mining. Science 289:551–553
Glasby GP (2002) Deep seabed mining: past failures and future prospects. Mar Geores Geotechnol 20:161–176
Glover AG, Smith CR (2003) The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environ Conserv 30:219–241
Grassle JF, Morse-Porteous LS (1987) Macrofaunal colonization of disturbed deep-sea environments and the structure of deep-sea benthic communities. Deep-Sea Res 34:1911–1950
Gray JS, Elliott M (2009) Ecology of marine sediments. From science to management, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Green RH (1979) Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. Wiley, New York
Halpern BS, Selkoe KA, Michell F et al (2007) Evaluating and ranking the vulnerability of global marine ecosystems to anthropogenic threats. Conserv Biol 21:1301–1315
Hein JR, Petersen S (2013) The geology of manganese nodules. In: Baker E, Beaudoin Y (eds) Deep sea minerals: manganese nodules, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review, vol 1B. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, GRID-Arendal
Hill RA, Chapman PM, Mann GS et al (2000) Level of detail in ecological risk assessments. Mar Poll Bull 40:471–477
Hobbs CH (2002) An investigation of potential consequences of marine mining in shallow water: an example from the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. J Coast Res 18:94–101
Huxham M, Roberts I, Bremner J (2000) A field test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis in the soft-bottom intertidal. Int Rev Hydrobiol 85:379–394
Jewett SC, Feder HM, Blanchard A (1999) Assessment of the benthic environment following offshore placer gold mining in the northeastern Bering Sea. Mar Environ Res 48:91–122
Jumars PA (1981) Limits to predicting and detecting benthic community responses to manganese nodule mining. Mar Mining 3:213–229
Kaneko (Sato) T, Ogura K, Fukushima T (1995) Preliminary results of meiofauna and bacteria abundance in an environmental impact experiment. In: Yamazaki T, Aso K, Okano Y et al (eds) Proceedings of ISOPE—Ocean Mining Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan, pp 181–186
Kaneko (Sato) T, Maejima Y, Teishima Y (1997) The abundance and vertical distribution of abyssal benthic fauna in the Japan Deep-sea impact experiment. In: Chung JS, Das BM, Matsui T et al (eds) Proceedings of 7th ISOPE Conference, vol 1. Honolulu, USA, pp 475–480
Khripounoff A, Caprais J-C, Crassous P (2006) Geochemical and biological recovery of the disturbed seafloor in polymetallic nodule fields of the Clipperton-Clarion Fracture Zone (CCFZ) at 5, 000-m depth. Limnol Oceanog 51:2033–2041
Kontar EA, Sokov AV (1994) A benthic storm in northeastern tropical Pacific over the fields of manganese nodules. Deep-Sea Res 41:1069–1089
Kotliński R, Stoyanova V (1998) Physical, chemical, and geological changes of marine environment caused by the benthic impact experiment at the IOM BIE site. In: Chung JS, Olagnon M, Kim CH et al (eds) Proceedings of 8th ISOPE Conference, vol 2. Montreal, Canada, pp 277–281
Lambshead PJD, Hodda M (1994) The impact of disturbance on measurements of variability in marine nematode populations. Vie Milieu 44:21–27
Lavering IH (1994) Marine environments of Southeast Australia (gippsland shelf and bass strait) and the impact of offshore petroleum exploration and production activity. Mar Geores Geotechnol 12:201–226
La Rosa T, Mirto S, Mazzola A et al (2001) Differential responses of benthic microbes and meiofauna to fish-farm disturbance in coastal sediments. Environ Poll 112:427–434
Lee HJ, Vanhove S, Peck LS et al (2001) Recolonsation of meiofauna after catastrophic iceberg scouring in shallow Antarctic sediments. Polar Biol 24:918–925
Lodge M, Johnson D, Le Gurun G et al (2014) Seabed mining: international seabed authority environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone. A partnership approach. Mar Pol 49:66–72
Magni P, Hyland I, Manzella G et al (eds) (2005) Proceedings of the workshop “indicators of stress in the marine benthos”, Torregrande-Oristano, Italy, Paris, UNESCO/IOC, IMC, 2005. (IOC Workshop Rep 195) (IMC Spec Publ ISBN 88-85983-01-4), 8–9 Oct 2004
Mahatma R (2009) Meiofauna communities of the Pacific nodule province: abundance, diversity and community structure. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
Markussen JM (1994) Deep seabed mining and the environment: consequences, perceptions, and regulations. In: Bergesen HO, Parmann G (eds) Green globe yearbook of international co-operation on environment and development 1994. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Martin J, Sanchez-Cabeza JA, Eriksson M et al (2009) Recent accumulation of trace metals in sediments at the DYFAMED site (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea). Mar Poll Bull 59:146–153
Miljutin DM, Miljutina MA, Martinez Arbizu P et al (2011) Deep-sea nematode assemblage has not recovered 26 years after experimental mining of polymetallic nodules (Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, Tropical Eastern Pacific). Deep Sea Res I 58:885–897
Mincks SL, Smith CR, DeMaster DJ (2005) Persistence of labile organic matter and microbial biomass in Antarctic shelf sediments: evidence of a sediment food bank. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 300:3–19
Mirto S, La Rosa T, Gambi C et al (2002) Nematode community response to fish-farm impact in the western Mediterranean. Environ Poll 116:203–214
Morgan CL, Odunton NA, Jones AF (1999) Synthesis of environmental impacts of deep seabed mining. Mar Geores Geotechnol 17:307–356
Mullineaux LS (1987) Organisms living on manganese nodules and crusts: distribution and abundance at three North Pacific sites. Deep-Sea Res 34:165–184
Mullineaux LS (1988) The role of settlement in structuring a hard-substratum community in the deep sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 120:247–261
National Research Council (1984) Deep seabed stable reference areas. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C
Nilsson C, Grelsson G (1995) The fragility of ecosystems: a review. J Appl Ecol 32:677–692
Ozturgut E, Anderson GD, Burns RE et al (1978) Deep ocean mining of manganese nodules in the North Pacific: pre-mining environmental conditions and anticipated mining effects. NOAA Techn Mem, ERL MESA-33
Ozturgut E, Lavelle JW, Burns RE (1981) Impacts of manganese nodule mining on the environment: results from pilot-scale mining tests in the North equatorial Pacific. In: Geyer RA (ed), Marine environmental pollution. 2. Dumping and Mining. Elsevier, Oceanography Series 27B
Pearson TH (1981) Stress and catastrophe in marine benthic ecosystems. In: Barrett GW, Rosenberg R (eds) Stress effects on natural ecosystems. Wiley, New York
Pearson TH, Rosenberg R (1978) Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanog Mar Biol Ann Rev 16:229–311
Pogrebov VB, Fokin SI, Galtsova VV et al (1997) Benthic communities as influenced by nuclear testing and radioactive waste disposal off Novaya Zemlya in the Russian Arctic. Mar Poll Bull 35:333–339
Powell EN, Bright TJ, Woods A et al (1983) Meiofauna and the thiobios in the east flower garden brine seep. Mar Biol 72:269–283
Radziejewska T (2002) Responses of deep-sea meiobenthic communities to sediment disturbance simulating effects of polymetallic nodule mining. Int Rev Hydrobiol 87:459–479
Radziejewska T, Masłowski J (1997) Macro- and meiobenthos of the Arkona Basin (western Baltic Sea): differential recovery following hypoxic events. In: Hawkins LE, Hutchinson S, Jensen AC et al (eds) The responses of marine organisms to their environments. Proceedings 30th European marine biology symposium, University of Southampton, Southampton
Radziejewska T, Drzycimski I, Galtsova VV et al (2001a) Changes in genus-level diversity of meiobenthic free-living nematodes (Nematoda) and harpacticoids (Copepoda Harpacticoida) at an abyssal site following experimental sediment disturbance. In: Chung JS, Stoyanova V (eds) Proceedings of 4th Ocean Mining Symposium, Szczecin, Poland, pp 38–43
Radziejewska T, Rokicka-Praxmajer J, Stoyanova V (2001b) IOM BIE revisited: meiobenthos at the IOM BIE site 5 years after the experimental disturbance. In: Chung JS, Stoyanova V (eds) Proceedings of 4th Ocean Mining Symposium, Szczecin, Poland, pp 63–68
Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC et al (2011) Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea. PLoS ONE 6:e22588
Rees HL, Boyd SE, Schratzberger M et al (2006) Role of benthic indicators in regulating human activities at sea. Environ Sci Policy 9:496–508
Rhoads DC (1974) Organism-sediment relations on the muddy sea floor. Oceanog Mar Biol Ann Rev 12:263–300
Roxburgh SH, Shea K, Wilson JB (2004) The intermediate disturbance hypothesis: patch dynamics and mechanisms of species coexistence. Ecology 85:359–371
Savage C, Field JG, Warwick RM (2001) Comparative meta-analysis of the impact of offshore marine mining on macrobenthic communities versus organic pollution studies. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 221:265–275
Schratzberger M, Warwick RM (1998) Effects of physical disturbance on nematode communities in sand and mud: a microcosm experiment. Mar Biol 130:643–650
Schratzberger M, Dinmore TA, Jennings S (2002) Impacts of trawling on the diversity, biomass and structure of meiofauna assemblages. Mar Biol 14:83–93
Schratzberger M, Rees HL, Boyd SE (2000) Effects of simulated deposition of dredged material on structure of nematode assemblages–the role of contamination. Mar Biol 137:613–622
Schriever G (1995) DISCOL—disturbance and recolonization experiment of a manganese nodule area of the Southeastern Pacific. In: Yamazaki T, Aso K, Okano Y et al (eds) Proceedings of ISOPE—ocean mining symposium, pp 163–166, Tsukuba, Japan, 21–22 Nov 1995
Schriever G, Bussau C, Thiel H (1991) DISCOL–precautionary environmental impact studies for future manganese nodule mining and first results on meiofauna abundance. Proc Adv Mar Technol Conf 4:47–57
Schriever G, Ahner A, Bluhm H et al (1997) Results of the large-scale deep-sea experimental study DISCOL during eight years of investigation. In: Chung JS, Das BM, Matsui T, Thiel H (eds) Proceedings of 7th ISOPE Conference, vol 2. Honolulu, Hawaii, pp 438–444
Sherman KM, Coull BC (1980) The response of meiofauna to sediment disturbance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 46:59–71
Sherman KM, Reidenauer JA, Thistle D et al (1983) Role of a natural disturbance in an assemblage of marine free-living nematodes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 11:23–30
Shirayama Y (1999) Biological results of the JET project: an overview. In: Chung JS, Sharma R (eds) Proceedings of 3rd Ocean Mining Symposium, pp 185–190, Goa, India, 8–10 Nov 1999
Smith CR, Levin LA, Koslow A et al (2008) The near future of the deep seafloor ecosystems. In: Polunin N (ed) Aquatic ecosystems: trends and global prospects. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge
Smith EP (2002) BACI design. In: El-Shaarawi A, Piegorsch WW (eds) Encyclopedia of environmetrics, vol 1. Wiley, Chichester
Smith S, Heydon R (2013) Processes related to the technical development of marine mining. In: Baker E, Beaudoin Y (eds) Deep sea minerals. Manganese nodules, a physical, biological, environmental and technical review, vol 1B. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, GRID-Arendal
Somerfield PJ, Rees HL, Warwick RM (1995) Interrelationships in community structure between shallow-water marine meiofauna and macrofauna in relation to dredgings disposal. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 127:13–112
Taguchi K, Nakata K, Aoki S et al (1995) Environmental study on the deep-sea mining of manganese nodules in the northeastern tropical Pacific. In: Yamazaki T, Aso K, Okano Y et al (eds) Proceedings of ISOPE—Ocean Mining Symposium, pp 167–174, Tsukuba, Japan, 21–22 Nov 1995
Thiel H (2001) Use and protection of the deep sea–an introduction. Deep-Sea Res II 48:3427–3431
Thiel H, Foell EJ, Schriever G (1992) Potential environmental effects of deep seabed mining. Univ Hamburg, Hamburg, 26
Thiel H, Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Unmweltschutz (1995) The german environmental impact research for manganese nodule mining in the SE Pacific Ocean. In: Yamazaki T, Aso K, Okano Y et al (eds) Proceedings of ISOPE—Ocean Mining Symposium, pp 39–45, Tsukuba, Japan, 21–22 Nov 1995
Thiel H, Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Unmweltschutz (2001) Evaluation of the environmental consequences of polymetallic nodule mining based on the results of the TUSCH Research Association. Deep-Sea Res II 48:3433–3452
Thiel H, Angel MV, Foell EJ et al (1998) Environmental risks from large-scale ecological research in the deep-sea; a desk study. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
Thistle D (1998) Harpacticoid copepod diversity at two physically reworked sites in the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res II 45:13–24
Thrush S, Dayton PK (2002) Disturbance to marine benthic habitats by trawling and dredging: implications for marine biodiversity. Ann Rev Ecology System 33:449–473
Tkatchenko GG, Radziejewska T (1998) Recovery and recolonization processes in the area disturbed by a polymetallic nodule collector simulator. In: Chung JS, Olagnon M, Kim CH et al (eds) Proceedings of 8th ISOPE Conference, vol 2. Montreal, Canada, pp 282–286
Trueblood DD, Ozturgut E (1997) The benthic impact experiment: a study of the ecological impacts of deep seabed mining on abyssal benthic communities. In: Chung JS, Das BM, Matsui T, Thiel H (eds) Proceedings of 7th (1997) ISOPE Conference, pp 481–487, Honolulu, USA, 25–30 May 1997
Trueblood DD, Ozturgut E, Pilipchuk M et al (1997) The ecological impact of the joint U.S.–Russian benthic impact experiment. In: Proceedings of 2nd Ocean Mining Symposium, pp 139–145, Seoul, Korea, 24-26 Nov 1997
Underwood AJ (1992) Beyond BACI: the detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but variable, world. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 161:145–178
Underwood AJ (1996) Detection, interpretation, prediction and management of environmental disturbances: some roles for experimental marine ecology. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 200:1–27
Varon R, Thistle D (1988) Response of a harpacticoid copepod to a small-scale natural disturbance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 118:245–256
Veillette J, Juniper SK, Gooday AJ et al (2007a) Influence of surface texture and microhabitat heterogeneity in structuring nodule faunal communities. Deep-Sea Res I 54:1936–1943
Veillette J, Sarrazin J, Gooday AJ et al (2007b) Ferromanganese nodule fauna in the Tropical North Pacific Ocean: species richness, faunal cover and spatial distribution. Deep-Sea Res I 54:1912–1935
Vopel K, Thiel H (2001) Abyssal nematode assemblages in physically disturbed and adjacent sites of the eastern equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res II 48:3795–3808
Warwick RM (1993) Environmental impact studies on marine communities: Pragmatical considerations. Austral J Ecol 18:63–80
Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1993a) Comparing the severity of disturbance: a meta-analysis of marine macrobenthic community data. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92:221–231
Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1993b) Increased variability as a symptom of stress in marine communities. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 172:215–226
Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1994) Relearning the ABC: taxonomic changes and abundance/biomass relationships in disturbed benthic communities. Mar Biol 118:739–744
Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1995) New ‘biodiversity’ measures reveal a decrease in taxonomic distinctness with increasing stress. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 129:301–305
Warwick RM, Clarke KR (2001) Practical measures of marine biodiversity based on relatedness of species. Oceanog Mar Biol Ann Rev 39:207–231
Warwick RM, Clarke KR, Gee JM (1990) The effect of disturbance by soldier crabs Mictyris platycheles H. Milne Edwards on meiobenthic community structure. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 135:19–33
Widdicombe S, Austen MC (2001) The interaction between physical disturbance and organic enrichment: An important element in structuring benthic communities. Limnol Oceanog 46:1720–1733
Wilson GDF (1987) Crustacean communities of the manganese nodule province (DOMES site A compared with DOMES site C). Report for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (Oceans and Energy) on Contract NA-84-ABH-0030 (accessed via www.personal.usyd.edu.au/~buz/PDF/Crustacean_Communities1999ver.pdf)
Yamazaki T, Kajitani J (1999) Deep-sea environment and impact experiment to It. In: Chung JS, Matsui T, Koterayama W (eds) Proceedings of 9th ISOPE Conference, vol 1. Brest, France, pp 374–381
Yamazaki T, Sharma R (2001) Estimation of sediment properties during benthic impact experiments. Mar Geores Geotechnol 19:269–299
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Radziejewska, T. (2014). Meiobenthos as a Component of Anthropogenic Disturbance Assessment in the Abyssal Pacific Environment. In: Meiobenthos in the Sub-equatorial Pacific Abyss. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41458-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41458-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-41457-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-41458-9
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)