Abstract
Logic programming emerged in the 1970s from debates concerning procedural versus declarative representations of knowledge in artificial intelligence. In those days, declarative representations were associated mainly with bottom-up proof procedures, such as hyper-resolution. The development of logic programming showed that procedural representations could be obtained by applying top-down proof procedures, such as linear resolution, to declarative representations in logical form.
In recent years, logic programming has become more purely declarative, with the development of answer set programming, tabling and the revival of datalog. These recent developments invite comparison with earlier attempts to reconcile procedural and declarative representations of knowledge, and raise the question whether anything has been lost.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apt, K.R., van Emden, M.: Contributions to the Theory of Declarative Knowledge. JACM 29(3), 841–862 (1982)
Clark, K.L.: Negation by Failure. In: Gallaire, H., Minker, J. (eds.) Logic and Databases, pp. 293–322. Plenum Press (1978)
Clark, K.L., Tärnlund, S.-A.: A First-order Theory of Data and Programs. In: Proceedings of the IFIP Congress 1977, pp. 939–944 (1977)
Cohen, J.: A View of the Origins and Development of Prolog. CACM 31, 26–36 (1988)
Colmerauer, A.: Les Systèmes Q ou un Formalisme pour Analyser et Synthétiser des Phrases sur Ordinateur. Mimeo, Montréal (1969)
Colmerauer, A., Kanoui, H., Pasero, R., Roussel, P.: Un Systeme de Communication Homme-Machine en Francais. Research report, Groupe d’Intelligence Artificielle, Universite d’Aix-Marseille II, Luminy (1973)
Colmerauer, A., Roussel, P.: The Birth of Prolog. In: Bergin, T.J., Gibson, R.G. (eds.) History of Programming Languages, pp. 331–367. ACM Press and Addison Wesley (1996)
Chen, W., Warren, D.: Tabled Evaluation with Delaying for General Logic Programs. JACM 43, 20–74 (1996)
Davis, M.: The Mathematics of Non-monotonic Reasoning. Artificial Intelligence 13(1), 73–80 (1980)
Elcock, E.W.: Absys: The First Logic Programming Language—a Retrospective and a Commentary. Journal of Logic Programming 9(1), 1–17 (1990)
van Emden, M.: The Early Days of Logic Programming: A Personal Perspective. The Association of Logic Programming Newsletter 19(3) (2006), http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dtai/projects/ALP/newsletter/aug06/
van Emden, M., Kowalski, R.A.: The Semantics of Predicate Logic as a Programming Language. JACM 23(4), 733–742 (1976)
Gallaire, H., Minker, J.: Logic and Data Bases. Plenum Press, New York (1978)
Green, C.: Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving. In: Walker, D.E., Norton, L.M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 219–239. Morgan Kaufmann (1969)
Hayes, P.J.: Computation and Deduction. In: Proceedings of the Second MFCS Symposium, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, pp. 105–118 (1973)
Hewitt, C.: Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann (1971)
Hewitt, C.: Middle History of Logic Programming: Resolution, Planner, Edinburgh LCF, Prolog, Simula, and the Japanese Fifth Generation Project. arXiv preprint arXiv:0904.3036 (2009)
Hill, R.: LUSH Resolution and its Completeness. DCL Memo 78. School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh (1974)
Huang, S.S., Green, T.J., Loo, B.T.: Datalog and Emerging Applications: an Interactive Tutorial. In: Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 1213–1216 (2011)
Kowalski, R.A.: The Predicate Calculus as a Programming Language (abstract). In: Procedings of the First MFCS Symposium, Jablonna, Poland (1972)
Kowalski, R.A.: Predicate Logic as a Programming Language. DCL Memo 70, School of Artificial Intelligence, Univ. of Edinburgh (1973); Proceedings of IFIP, pp. 569–574. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1974)
Kowalski, R.A.: Algorithm = Logic+ Control. CACM 22(7), 424–436 (1979)
Kowalski, R.A.: The Early History of Logic Programming. CACM 31, 38–43 (1988)
Kowalski, R.A., Kuehner, D.: Linear Resolution with Selection Function. Artificial Intelligence Journal 2, 227–260 (1971)
Kuehner, D.: Bi-directional Search with Horn Clauses. Edinburgh University (1969)
Loveland, D.W.: A Linear Format for Resolution. In: Symposium on Automatic Demonstration, pp. 147–162. Springer, Heidelberg (1970)
Loveland, D.W.: A Unifying View of Some Linear Herbrand Procedures. JACM 19(2), 366–384 (1972)
Luckham, D.: Refinement Theorems in Resolution Theory. In: Symposium on Automatic Demonstration, pp. 163–190. Springer, Heidelberg (1970)
Nicolas, J.M., Gallaire, H.: Database: Theory vs. Interpretation. In: Gallaire, H., Minker, J. (eds.) Logic and Databases. Plenum, New York (1978)
Reiter, R.: Two Results on Ordering for Resolution with Merging and Linear Format. JACM 18(4), 630–646 (1971)
Robinson, J.A.: Machine-Oriented Logic Based on the Resolution Principle. JACM 12(1), 23–41 (1965)
Robinson, J.: Automatic Deduction with Hyper-resolution. International J. Computer Math. 1(3), 227–234 (1965)
Sagonas, K., Swift, T., Warren, D.S.: XSB as an Efficient Deductive Database Engine. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on the Management of Data, pp. 442–453 (1994)
Tamaki, H., Sato, T.: OLD Resolution with Tabulation. In: Shapiro, E. (ed.) ICLP 1986. LNCS, vol. 225, pp. 84–98. Springer, Heidelberg (1986)
Scott, D.: Outline of a Mathematical Theory of Computation. In: Proc. of the Fourth Annual Princeton Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, pp. 169–176 (1970)
Siekmann, J., Woods, J.: History of Computational Logic in the Twentieth Century. Elsevier (to appear)
Tekle, K.T., Liu, Y.A.: More Efficient Datalog Queries: Subsumptive Tabling beats Magic Sets. In: Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 661–672 (2011)
Winograd, T.: Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Under-standing Natural Language. MIT AI TR-235 (1971) Also: Understanding Natural Language. Academic Press, New York (1972)
Zamov, N.K., Sharonov, V.I.: On a Class of Strategies for the Resolution Method. Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI 16, 54–64 (1969)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kowalski, R. (2013). Logic Programming in the 1970s. In: Cabalar, P., Son, T.C. (eds) Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning. LPNMR 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8148. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40564-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40564-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-40563-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-40564-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)