Abstract
Timber from oaks and soft wood was hundreds of years the only material for building ocean going ships. Sufficient strength of wooden ships based only on the practical experience of their builders. The strength of iron ships has been estimated first by William Fairbairn 1860. His method based on a very modern ultimate load concept. A couple of years later John Macquorn Rankin first published the physically correct formulation of the longitudinal bending moment of the whole ship hull structure including a quasi- static wave effect. On occasion of the sinking of the torpedo boat H.M.S. Cobra 1901 the bending test of a similar ship H.M.S. Wolf in a dry-dock has been prepared. The test results were found not in line with the classical bending theory. After a lot of research work Georg Schnadel found 1929 a proper explanation by taking the post buckling behavior of the thin deck plating under consideration. It needs nearly hundred years to consider the probabilistic nature of the seaway into the design formula of the longitudinal strength of ships. Nowadays almost all structural members of the steel design of ships like the stiffened plates of the shell, bulkheads and decks has be calculated by the classical theory of elasticity, including post buckling effects following the rules of the classification societies. Since the end of the last century the Finite Element Method is used not only for structural details but also for the whole hull structure, including the dynamic loads of the seaway.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Klawitter, D.G.: Vorlege-Blätter für Schiff- Bauer. Königlich technische Deputation für Gewerbe, Berlin (1835)
van Hüllen, A.: Schiffbau. Verlag von Lipsius & Tischer, Kiel (1888)
Fairbairn, W.: The Strength of Iron Ships. Trans. Inst. of Nav. Arch. I (1860)
Lloyd’s Experiments upon Plates and Modes of Riveting applicable to the Construction of Iron Ships. Discussion contribution to [3]
Grantham, J.: The Strength of Iron Ships. Trans. Inst. of Nav. Arch. I (1860)
Mansell, R.: On the Comparative Strength of Iron Ships. Proceedings of the Scottish Shipbuilders’ Association (1860)
Rankine, W.J.M.: Manual of Applied Mechanics (1858)
Rankine, W.J.M., Watt, I., Barnes, F.K., Napier, R.: Shipbuilding – Theoretical and Practical. William Mackenzie, London (1866)
The index WVH means wave bending moment, vertical hogging; SW still water bending moment; and TH total bending moment, hogging
Walker, F.M.: Ships & Shipbuilders. Seaforth Publishing (2010)
Murray, J.M.: Development of Basis of Longitudinal Strength Standards for Merchant Ships. Trans. of Royal Inst. of Nav. Arch. 108 (1966)
Reed, E.J.: The Strains of Ships in Still Water. Naval Science I, 351 (1872)
Id.: The Distribution of Weight and Buoyancy in Ships. Naval Science I (1872)
Id.: The Strains of Ships at Sea. Naval Science II, 12 (1873)
John, W.: On the Strength of Iron Ships. Trans. of Royal Inst. of Nav. Arch. XV (1874)
Smith, W.E.: Hogging and Sagging Strains in a Seaway as Influenced by Wave Structure. Trans. of Inst. of Nav. Arch. XXIV (1883)
Read, T.C.: On the Variation of the Stresses on Vessels at Sea due to Wave Motion. Trans. of Inst. of Nav. Arch. XXXI (1890)
Kryloff, A.: A New Theory of the Pitching Motion of Ships on Waves, and of the Stresses Produced by this Motion. Nav. Arch. XXXVII (1896)
Alexander, F.H.: The influence of the proportions and form of Ships upon their longitudinal bending Moments among Waves. Trans. of Inst. of Nav. Arch. XLVII (1905)
Schnadel, G.: Die Beanspruchung des Schiffes im Seegang. Dehnungs- und Durchbiegungsmessungen an Bord des MS „San Francisco“ der Hamburg- Amerika Linie. J. STG 37 (1936)
Horn, F.: Hochseemessfahrt, Schwingungs- und Beschleunigungsmessungen. J. STG 37 (1936)
Weinblum, G., Block, W.: Stereophotografische Wellenaufnahmen. J. STG 37 (1936)
Lienau, O.: Messungen über das Arbeiten des Schiffsboden und der Deckbeplattung während der Hochseemessfahrt 1934. J. STG 36 (1937)
Claviez, W.: 50 Jahre Deutsche Werft 1918-1968, Hamburg (1968)
Biles, J.H.: The Strength of Ships, with Special Reference to Experiments and Calculations made upon H.M.S. “Wolf”. Trans. Inst. of Nav. Arch. XVII (1905)
Lehmann, E.: 100 Jahre Schiffbautechnische Festigkeitsforschung. J. STG 98 (2004)
Discussion contribution by Hans Reissner on Schnadel. G.: Die Spannungsverteilung in den Flanschen dünnwandiger Kastenträger. J. STG 27 (1926)
Weber, M.: Grundlagen der Ähnlichkeitsmechanik. J. STG 20 (1919)
Weber, M.: Allgemeines Ähnlichkeitsprinzip der Physik und sein Zusammenhang mit der Dimensionslehre und dem Modelwissenschaft. J. STG 31 (1930)
Schnadel, G.: Elastizitätstheorie und Versuch. J. STG 32 (1931)
Levy, M.: Sur l’équilibre élastique d’une plaque rectangulaire. l’Académie des Sciences de Paris 127 (1899)
Schnadel, G.: Über die Knickung von Platten. J. STG 30 (1929)
Lienau, O.: Versuchseinrichtungen und Ergebnisse des Instituts für Schiffsfestigkeit der Technischen Hochschule Danzig. J. STG 29 (1928)
Wlassov, W.S.: Dünnwandige elastische Stäbe. VEB Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin (1964)
Timoshenko, S.P.: Erinnerungen, p. 98. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin (2006)
Schnadel, G.: Torsionsversuche. J. STG 34 (1933)
Schultz, H.-G.: Festigkeitsprobleme im Großschiffbau. J. STG 63 (1969)
Nießen, E.: Statische Messungen an einem Aluminium-Modell eines Container-Schiffes, Bericht Nr. 4/1968. Forschungszentrum des Deutschen Schiffbaus, Hamburg (1968)
Woisin, G.: Kollisionsprobleme bei Atomschiffen, p. 999. Hansa (1964)
N.N.: Die Widerstandsfähigkeit verschiedener Bordwandkonstruktionen bei Zusammenstößen, p. 2174. Hansa (1962)
Spinelli, F.: Schutz von Kernreaktoren auf Schiffen gegen Kollisionen, p. 148. S+H (1964)
Minorsky, V.U.: Eine Studie über Schiffskollisionen mit Bezug auf schiffbauliche Schutzmaßnahmen für Kernenergie-Antriebsanlagen, p. S. 163. S+H (1960)
Reckling, A.: Beitrag der Elasto- und Plastomechanik zur Untersuchung von Schiffskollisionen. J. STG 70 (1976)
Welch, J.J.: The Subdivision of Ships. Trans. of Inst. of Nav. Arch. LVII (1915)
Denny, W.: Subdivision of Merchant Vessels: Reports of the Bulkhead Committee, 1912-1915. Trans. of Inst. of Nav. Arch. LVIII (1916)
Height of the tank 17 ft ≈ 5.17 m, 19.5 ft ≈ 5.49 m and 20 ft ≈ 6.1 m
Foster King, J.: Strength of Watertight Bulkheads. Trans. of Inst. of Nav. Arch. LVIII (1916)
Ref. [26]
Caldwell, J.B.: Ultimate Longitudinal Strength. Trans. R.I.N.A. 107 (1965)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lehmann, E. (2014). The Historical Development of the Strength of Ships. In: Stein, E. (eds) The History of Theoretical, Material and Computational Mechanics - Mathematics Meets Mechanics and Engineering. Lecture Notes in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39905-3_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39905-3_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-39904-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-39905-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)