Abstract
Piracy, although an age-old phenomenon that has posed challenges for Mariners has until recently been a phenomenon in decline. Although in the twenty-first century, piracy became a major issue in the South China Sea and in the Malacca Straits. But by 2007, the number of pirate attacks in Africa surpassed those in Asian waters, thus the shift of attention to African waters. Maritime pirate attacks in Africa, while concentrated in Nigeria and Somalia, are by no means limited to these countries. Because of the 33 littoral countries in Africa, 24 experienced pirate attacks during 2001–2008. Even though shipping in the GOG is threatened, attacks are not as frequent as those off Somalia. Nevertheless, it still remains and is still seen as a hub of threats to shipping.
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Notes
- 1.
Nincic (2009a).
- 2.
Vreÿ (2009), pp. 17–30.
- 3.
Gilpin (2009).
- 4.
Murphy (2007), pp. 23–35.
- 5.
Africa Research Bulletin, March 2009.
- 6.
Nincic (2009a).
- 7.
See n. 2 above.
- 8.
Pham (2009).
- 9.
The Gulf of Guinea is Piracy’s Emerging Market, Safety4Sea, August 9, 2011, adopted August 18, 2011, available online http://www.safety4sea.com/page/5792/4/the-gulf-of-guinea-is-piracy%E2%80%99s-emerging-market.
- 10.
Security Council Report, Emerging Security Threats in West Africa, Special research report No. 1 (New York: United Nations, 2 May, 2011), pp. 1–16.
- 11.
See n. 9 above.
- 12.
Scheffler (2010).
- 13.
Garuba (2010).
- 14.
See n. 2 above.
- 15.
See n. 13 above.
- 16.
Nincic (2010).
- 17.
Tension Builds in the Gulf of Guinea as Competition for Economic Resources Increases, OIL PRICE.com, April 2, 2010, adopted September 4, 2011, available online http://oilprice.com/Geo-Politics/International/Tension-Builds-in-the-Gulf-of-Guinea-as-Competition-for-Economic-Resources-Increases.html.
- 18.
Nigerian militants release photos of British hostages, CNN, 12 January 2009, adopted 21 September 2009, available online http://www.CNN.com.
- 19.
Cullen (2008).
- 20.
See n. 2 above.
- 21.
Ibrahim (2009), pp. 124–131.
- 22.
Nincic (2009b).
- 23.
Gulf of Guinea pirates trigger alarm, Terra Daily (August 15, 2011), adopted September 2, 2011, available online http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Gulf_of_Guinea_pirates_trigger_alarm_999.html.
- 24.
Cullen (2008).
- 25.
Elijah (2011).
- 26.
Gilpin (2007).
- 27.
Akinsuyi (2011).
- 28.
The Economic Cost of Piracy. Oceans Beyond Piracy. Undated adopted September 24, 2011, available online http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/cost-of-piracy/economic.
- 29.
Ship Ops Costs Increase, Insurance Costs Plummet. MarineLink.com. September 30, 2011. http://www.marinelink.com/news/insurance-increase340686.aspx.
- 30.
Marine Resources Assessment Group (2005), pp. 1–16.
- 31.
Gabriel et al. (2008).
- 32.
David et al. (2005).
- 33.
See n. 5 above.
- 34.
See n. 2 above.
- 35.
Archibong (2011).
- 36.
Pham (2011), pp. 29–32.
- 37.
See n. 13 above.
- 38.
See n. 22 above.
- 39.
Uzodike and Isike (2009), pp. 103–116.
- 40.
See n. 2 above.
- 41.
See n. 6 above.
- 42.
Purefoy (2009).
- 43.
See n. 3 above.
- 44.
Nincic (2009c).
- 45.
Iroegbu (2011).
- 46.
See n. 26 above.
- 47.
Osaretin (2011), pp. 187–191.
- 48.
See n. 26 above.
- 49.
See n. 34 above.
- 50.
Wambua (2009), p. vii.
- 51.
See n. 2 above.
- 52.
See n. 21 above.
- 53.
Peter Pham (2007).
- 54.
See n. 2 above.
- 55.
See n. 26 above.
- 56.
See n. 16 above.
- 57.
See n. 6 above.
- 58.
See n. 21 above.
- 59.
Onuoha (2009), pp. 31–44.
- 60.
Mugridge (2010).
- 61.
See n. 21 above.
- 62.
Kimani (2009).
- 63.
See n. 6 above.
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Bala, Y.M. (2013). Economic, Political, and Social Implications of Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria as a Case Study. In: Mejia, Jr., M., Kojima, C., Sawyer, M. (eds) Piracy at Sea. WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39620-5_13
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