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Study on Heterotrophic-Autotrophic Denitrification Permeable Reactive Barriers (HAD PRBs) for In Situ Groundwater Remediation

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Water Science and Technology ((BRIEFSWATER))

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Abstract

High concentration of nitrate in drinking water is thought to be related to methemoglobinemia, cancers and even death. Due to the increasing anthropogenic activities, nitrate in groundwater is increasing in many areas of the world. Nitrate contamination is caused by nitrogenous fertilizers, livestock manures, agricultural irrigation, etc. This study overviewed the latest developments in nitrate in situ remediation and summarized advantages and disadvantages of each remediation approach. Currently physical adsorption (PA), biological denitrification and chemical reduction (CR) are the three approaches receiving considerable attention. Nitrate adsorbents in PA will ultimately get to the state of saturation due to adsorbed nitrate and its competing anions. BD is divided into heterotrophic denitrification (HD) and autotrophic denitrification (AD). A large number of liquid, solid and gas organic carbons in HD have been evaluated. For AD, hydrogenotrophic denitrification can be sustained by zero-valent iron (ZVI) which produces cathodic hydrogen. Low solubility of reduced sulfur species, sulfate production and biomass yield limit the applicability of sulfur autotrophic denitrification. The main disadvantage of ZVI-based CR is the release of ammonium under acidic conditions. More recently, a heterotrophic-autotrophic denitrification (HAD) approach has shown encouraging results. PA, cellulose-based HD, ZVI-based CR and AD, and their combined approaches can be applied by means of permeable reactive barrier (PRB). BD PRBs and ZVI PRBs have been successfully applied.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Autotrophic denitrification

AMO-D:

Aerobic methane-oxidation coupled to denitrification

ANMO-D:

Anaerobic methane-oxidation coupled to denitrification

BATs:

Best available technologies

BD:

Biological denitrification

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

CR:

Chemical reduction

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon

HAD:

Heterotrophic-autotrophic denitrification

HD:

Heterotrophic denitrification

HDTMA:

Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide

HEPES:

N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N′-[2-ethanesulfonic acid]

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time

HT:

Hydrotalcite-type

ICs:

Inert carriers

LOCSs:

Liquid organic carbon sources

MOPS:

3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid

NOCs:

N-nitroso compounds

NTU:

Nephelometric turbidity unites

NZVI:

Nanoscale ZVI

PA:

Physical adsorption

PCL:

ε-caprolactone

PHB:

3-hydroxybutyrate

PRB:

Permeable reactive barrier

SOCSs:

Solid organic carbon sources

TKN:

Total kjeldahl nitrogen

VFAs:

Volatile fatty acids

WHO:

World health organization

ZVA:

Zero-valent aluminium

ZVI:

Zero-valent iron

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. China University of Geosciences, 29 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Fei Liu

  2. Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, 70 Yangqiao, 100068, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Guoxin Huang

  3. Flinders University, Sturt Road, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia

    Howard Fallowfield & Huade Guan

  4. Geological Publishing House, 31 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Lingling Zhu

  5. Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Prospecting, 29 Diantan Street, 150030, Harbin, People’s Republic of China

    Hongyan Hu

Authors
  1. Fei Liu
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  2. Guoxin Huang
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  3. Howard Fallowfield
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  4. Huade Guan
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  5. Lingling Zhu
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  6. Hongyan Hu
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Correspondence to Fei Liu .

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Liu, F., Huang, G., Fallowfield, H., Guan, H., Zhu, L., Hu, H. (2014). General Introduction. In: Study on Heterotrophic-Autotrophic Denitrification Permeable Reactive Barriers (HAD PRBs) for In Situ Groundwater Remediation. SpringerBriefs in Water Science and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38154-6_1

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