Abstract
The problem of distance estimation by computational methods utilizing binaural information is discussed. Initially, a brief overview is given concerning findings related to the auditory distance perception. Then, several acoustical parameters that depend on the distance between the source and the receiver especially within reverberant rooms are presented. An overview of several existing distance estimation techniques using binaural signals is given and a recent distance estimation method is presented in more detail. This method relies on several statistical features extracted from binaural signals and incorporates all the above features into a classification framework based on Gaussian Mixture models.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
The term room transfer function, refers to the frequency-domain representation of the room impulse response.
- 2.
The term binaural room transfer function refers to the frequency-domain representation of the binaural room impulse response.
References
D. R. Begault. Perceptual effects of synthetic reverberation on three-dimensional audio systems. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 40:895–904, 1992.
J. Benesty, J. Chen, and Y. Huang, editors. Microphone Array Signal Process. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, March 2008.
A. Bidart and M. Lavandier.Do we need two ears to perceive auditory distance in rooms? In 2nd Pan-American/Iberian Meeting on Acoustics, Cancun, Mexico, 2010.
C. M. Bishop. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics). Springer, August 2006.
J. Blauert. Spatial Hearing - The psychophysics of human sound localization. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1996.
P. Bloom and G. Cain. Evaluation of two-input speech dereverberation techniques. IEEE Intl. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., ICASSP ’82., 7:164–167, 1982.
P. J. Bloom and G. D. Gain. Evaluation of two-input speech dereverberation techniques. In IEEE Intl. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., New York, 1982.
A. W. Bronkhorst. Localization of real and virtual sound sources. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 98:2452–2553, 1995.
A. W. Bronkhorst and T. Houtgast. Auditory distance perception in rooms. Nature, 397:517–520, 1999.
G. J. Brown and M. Cooke. Computational auditory scene analysis. Comput. Speech and Language, 8:297–336, 1994.
D. S. Brungart, N. I. Durlach, and W. M. Rabinowitz. Auditory localization of nearby sources. ii. localization of a broadband source. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 106(4):1956–1968, 1999.
M. C. Büchler. Algorithms for sound classification in hearing instruments. PhD thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, ETH, 2002.
R. A. Butler, E. T. Levy, and W. D. Neff. Apparent distance of sounds recorded in echoic and anechoic chambers. J. Experim. Psychol., 6:745–750, 1980.
J. Chomyszyn. Distance of Sound in Reverberant Fields. PhD thesis, Department of Music, Stanford University, 08/1995 1995.
H. G. Diestel. Zur Schallausbreitung in Reflexionsarmen Räumen. Acustica, 12:113–118, 1962.
N. Durlach. Note on the equalization and cancellation theory of binaural masking level differences. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 32:1075–1076, 1960.
K. J. Ebeling. Influence of direct sound on the fluctuations of the room spectral response. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 68(4):1206–1207, 1980.
E. Georganti, T. May, S. van de Par, A. Harma, and J. Mourjopoulos. Speaker distance detection using a single microphone. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process., 19(7):1949–1961, Sept. 2011.
E. Georganti, T. May, S. van de Par, and J. Mourjopoulos. Sound source distance estimation in rooms based on statistical properties of binaural signals. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process. (in press)
E. Georganti, T. Zarouchas, and J. Mourjopoulos. Reverberation analysis via response and signal statistics. In 128th AES convention Proc., London, UK, 2010.
J. A. Gubner. Probability and Random Processes for Electrical and Computer Engineers. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
S. Gustafsson, R. Martin, P. Vary. Combined acoustic echo control and noise reduction for hands-free telephony. Signal Process. - Special issue on acoustic echo and noise, control, 64(1):21–32, 1998.
V. Hamacher, J. Chalupper, J. Eggers, E. Fischer, U. Kornagel, H. Puder, and U. Rass. Signal processing in high-end hearing aids: State of the art, challenges, and future trends. EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process., 2005:2915–2929, 2005.
A. Härmä. Ambient human-to-human communication. In Handbook of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, pages 795–823. Springer, 2009.
W. Hartmann, B. Rakerd, and A. Koller. Binaural coherence in rooms. Acta Acust United Ac, 91(3):451–462, 2005.
Y. Hioka, K. Niwa, S. Sakauchi, K. Furuya, and Y. Haneda. Estimating direct-to-reverberant energy ratio using d/r spatial correlation matrix model. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process., 19(8):2374–2384, nov. 2011.
J. J. Jetzt. Critical distance measurement of rooms from the sound energy spectral response. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 65:1204–1211, 1979.
M. Jeub, M. Schäfer, and P. Vary. A binaural room impulse response database for the evaluation of dereverberation algorithms. In Intl. Conf. Proc. on Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Santorini, Greece, 2009.
S. Kerber, H. Wittek, and H. Fastl. Ein Anzeigeverfahren für psychoakustische Experimente zur Distanzwahrnehmung. In H. Fastl and M. Fruhmann, editors, Tagungsband Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 05, München, volume 1, pages 229–230. Berlin, 2005.
S. Kerber, H. Wittek, H. Fastl, and G. Theile. Experimental investigations into the distance perception of nearby sound sources: Real vs. WFS virtual nearby sources. In D. Cassereau, editor, Proceedings of the 7-th Congrès Français d’ Acoustique/30th Deutsche Jahrestagung für Akustik(CFA/DAGA 04), pages 1041–1042. Strasbourg, France, 2004.
C. H. Knapp and G. C. Carter. The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay. IEEE Speech Audio Process., 24:320–327, August 1976.
N. Kopčo and B. G. Shinn-Cunningham. Effect of stimulus spectrum on distance perception for nearby sources. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 130(3):1530–1541, 2011.
M. Kuster. Estimating the direct-to-reverberant energy ratio from the coherence between coincident pressure and particle velocity. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 130(6):3781–3787, 2011.
H. Kuttruff. Room Acoustics, 3rd edition. Elsevier, 1991.
S. P. Lloyd. Least squares quantization in PCM. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 28:129–137, 1982.
Y. C. Lu and M. Cooke. Binaural distance perception based on direct-to-reverberant energy ratio. In Proc. Intl. Workshop on Acoust. Echo and Noise, Control, September 2008.
Y.-C. Lu and M. Cooke. Binaural estimation of sound source distance via the direct-to-reverberant energy ratio for static and moving sources. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process., 18(7):1793–1805, Sept. 2010.
C. Ludvigsen. Schaltungsanordnung für die automatische Regelung von Hörhilfsgeräten [An algorithm for an automatic program selection mode]. In Deutsches Patent Nr. DE43 40817 A1, 1993.
T. May, S. van de Par, and A. Kohlrausch.A probabilistic model for robust localization based on a binaural auditory front-end. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process., 19:1–13, 2011.
D. H. Mershon and J. N. Bowers. Absolute and relative cues for the auditory perception of egocentric distance. Perception, 8:311–322, 1979.
D. H. Mershon and E. King. Intensity and reverberation as factors in auditory perception of egocentric distance. Perception & Psychophysics, 18(6):409–415, 1975.
S. Nielsen. Distance perception in hearing. Master’s thesis, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, 05/1991 1991.
S. H. Nielsen. Auditory distance perception in different rooms. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 41:755–770, 1993.
S. Oh, V. Viswanathan, and P. Papamichalis. Hands-free voice communication in an automobile with a microphone array. In IEEE Intl. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., volume 1, pages 281–284, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 1992.
H. Peng, F. Long, and C. Ding. Feature selection based on mutual information criteria of max-dependency, max-relevance, and min-redundancy. IEEE Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 27(8):1226–1238, Aug. 2005.
J. W. Philbeck and M. D. H.Knowledge about typical source output influences perceived auditory distance. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 111:1980–1983, 2000.
T. Qu, Z. Xiao, M. Gong, Y. Huang, X. Li, and X. Wu. Distance-dependent head-related transfer functions measured with high spatial resolution using a spark gap. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process., 17(6):1124–1132, Aug. 2009.
D. A. Reynolds and R. C. Rose. Robust text-independent speaker identification using gaussian mixture speaker models. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process., 3(1):72–83, 1995.
T. Rodemann.A study on distance estimation in binaural localization. In IEEE Intl. Conf. Intel. Robots, Systems, Taipei, Taiwan, 2010.
D. F. Rosenthal and H. G. Okuno, editors. Computational auditory scene analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, New Jersey, 1998.
N. Sakamoto, T. Gotoh, and Y. Kimura. On “out-of-head localization” in headphone listening. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 24:710–716, 1976.
S. G. Santarelli, N. Kopčo, and B. G. Shinn-Cunningham. Distance judgments of nearby sources in a reverberant room: Effects of stimulus envelope. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 107(5):2822–2822, 2000.
M. Schroeder. Die Statistischen Parameter der Frequenzkurven von grossen Räumen (in german). Acustica, (4):594–600, 1954.
M. R. Schroeder. Statistical parameters of the frequency response curves of large rooms. J. Audio Eng. Soc, 35(5):299–306, 1987.
B. Shinn-Cunningham. Localizing sound in rooms. In Proc. ACM SIGRAPH and EUROGRAPHICS Campfire: Acoustic Rendering for Virtual Environments, pages 17–22, May 2001.
B. G. Shinn-Cunningham, N. Kopčo, and T. J. Martin. Localizing nearby sound sources in a classroom: Binaural room impulse responses. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 117(5):3100–3115, 2005.
P. Smaragdis and P. Boufounos. Position and trajectory learning for microphone arrays. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process., 15:358–368, 2007.
A. Tsilfidis. Signal processing methods for enhancing speech and music signals in reverberant environments. PhD Thesis, University of Patras, 2011.
A. Tsilfidis, A. Westerman, J. Buchholz, E. Georganti, and J. Mourjopoulos. Binaural dereverberation. In J. Blauert, editor, The technology of binaural listening, chapter 14. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York NY, 2013.
J. van Dorp Schuitman. Auditory modelling for assessing room acoustics. PhD thesis, Technical University of Delft, the Netherlands, 2011.
S. Vesa. Sound source distance learning based on binaural signals. In Proc. 2007 Workshop on Applicat. of Signal Process., Audio, Acoust. (WASPAA 2007), pages 271–274, 2007.
S. Vesa. Binaural sound source distance learning in rooms. IEEE Audio, Speech, Language Process., 17:1498–1507, 2009.
F. Völk. Psychoakustische Experimente zur Distanz mittels Wellenfeldsynthese erzeugter Hörereignisse. In Tagungsband Fortschritte der Akustik, DAGA 2010, pages 1065–1066, Berlin, 2010.
F. Völk, U. Mühlbauer, and H. Fastl. Minimum audible distance (MAD) by the example of wave field synthesis. In Tagungsband Fortschritte der Akustik, DAGA 2012, pages 319–320, Darmstadt, 2012.
G. von Békésy. The moon illusion and similar auditory phenomena. Am. J. Psychol., 111:1832–1846, 2002.
D. Wang and G. J. Brown, editors. Computational auditory scene analysis: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications. Wiley-IEEE, October 2006.
P. Zahorik. Assessing auditory distance perception using virtual acoustics. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 111:1832–1846, 2002.
P. Zahorik. Direct-to-reverberant energy ratio sensitivity. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 112(5):2110–2117, 2002.
P. Zahorik, S. D. Brungart, and W. A. Bronkhorst. Auditory distance perception in humans: A summary of past and present research. Acta Acust United Ac, 91:409–420, May/June 2005.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the authors of [47] and S. Vesa for offering the database employed also in [19]. Further, thanks are due to two anonymous reviewers for most valuable comments. This research has been co-financed by the European Union through the European Social Fund, ESF, and the Greek national funds through its Operational Program Education and Lifelong Learning of the National Strategic Reference Framework, NSRF. Research Funding Program: Heracleitus II: Investing-in-Knowledge Society through the European Social Fund.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Georganti, E., May, T., van de Par, S., Mourjopoulos, J. (2013). Extracting Sound-Source-Distance Information from Binaural Signals. In: Blauert, J. (eds) The Technology of Binaural Listening. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37762-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37762-4_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37761-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37762-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)