Abstract
The concept “civil society” is a fuzzy one. Many different definitions have been suggested, and many different terms are in use. Despite this, Anheier (2004: 20) is most likely right in assessing that “(n)evertheless, most analysts would probably agree with the statement that civil society is the sum of institutions, organizations and individuals located between the family, the state and the market in which people associate voluntarily to advance common interests.”
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The survey includes 15 different types of organizations. Membership in religious organizations and in trade unions are however excluded from this analysis. For a discussion of the reasons for not including these two types of organizations see below and cf. Curtis et al. (2001).
- 2.
In Switzerland, most cantons guarantee the churches of one or more religious communities the status of a state church (Landeskirche). Often, the members of a religious community are thus automatically members of the church and their contributions are paid through the tax bill.
- 3.
From the PCA only one factor with an eigenvalue greater than one has emerged in all the four analyses for all waves. The extracted factors all have an eigenvalue greater than two and they account for 68–72 % of the variation in the data.
- 4.
This estimate is obtained from between-effects regression, i.e. regression on the country-means for the period 2000–2009. While there is thus a significant negative relationship between tax pressure and average yearly hours worked over countries, there is no significant relationship between the development in tax pressure and average yearly hours worked within countries in the period 2000–2009. This is partly due to the fact that in that period there is very little variation in tax pressure and average yearly hours worked.
References
Almond GA, Verba S (1963) The civic culture. Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Anheier HK (2004) Civil society: measurement, evaluation, policy. Earthscan, London
Bjørnskov C (2007) Determinants of generalized trust: a cross-country comparison. Public Choice 130:1–21
Bjørnskov C, Paldam M (2011) The spirits of capitalism and socialism. A cross-country study of ideology. Public Choice 150:469–498
Christoffersen H, Paldam M (2006) Privatization in Denmark, 1980–2002. Chap. 4. In: Köthenbütrger M, Sinn HW, Whally J (eds) Privatization experiences in the European union. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 117–140
Curtis JE, Baer DE, Grabb EG (2001) Nation of joiners: explaining voluntary association membership in democratic societies. Am Sociol Rev 66:783–805
Dülmer H (2011) A multilevel regression analysis on work ethic’, Chap 11. In: Davidov E, Schmidt P, Billiet J (eds) Cross-cultural analysis. Routledge, New York
ESS Round 1: European Social Survey Round 1 data (2002). Data file edition 6.2. Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data
ESS Round 2: European Social Survey Round 2 data (2004). Data file edition 3.2. Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data
ESS Round 3: European Social Survey Round 3 data (2006). Data file edition 3.3. Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data
ESS Round 4: European Social Survey Round 4 data (2008). Data file edition 4.0. Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data
EVS 2008. European Value Study 2008, 4th wave, Integrated dataset. GESIS data archive, Cologne, ZA4800 Data set version 3.0.0, 20 Nov 2011
Inglehart R (1971) The silent revolution in Europe: intergenerational changes in post-industrial societies. Am Polit Sci Rev 65:991–1017
Inglehart R (1977) The silent revolution: changing values and political styles among western publics. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Kumlin S, Rothstein B (2005) Making and breaking social capital: the impact of welfare state institutions. Comp Polit Stud 38(4):339–365
Morales L, Geurts P (2007) Associational involvement. In: van Deth JW, Monetro JR, Westholm A (eds) Citizenship and involvement in European democracies. A comparative analysis. Routledge, London/New York, pp 158–187
Nannestad P (2008) What have we learned about generalized trust, if anything? Ann Rev Polit Sci 11:413–436
Parsons T (1951) The social system. The Free Press, New York
Putnam R (1993) Making democracy work. Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Putnam R (1997) Democracy in America at century’s end. In: Hadenius A (ed) Democracy’s victory and crisis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 27–70
Putnam R (2001) Bowling alone the collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster, New York
Putnam RD (2007) E pluribus unum: diversity and community in the twenty-first century the 2006 johan skytte prize lecture. Scand Polit Stud 30(2):137–174
Reeskens T, Hooghe M (2008) Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of generalized trust. Evidence from the European Social Survey. Soc Indic Res 85:515–532
Rothstein B (2002) The universal welfare state as a social dilemma. In: Rothstein B, Steinmo S (eds) Restructuring the welfare state. Palgrave-Macmillan, London, pp 206–222
Rothstein B (2003) Sociala fällor och tillitens problem. SNS Förlag, Stockholm
Schneider F, Buehn A, Montenegro CE (2010) Shadow economies all over the world: new estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007 (5356). Technical report, The World Bank
Stadelmann-Steffen I (2011) Social volunteering in welfare states: where crowding out should occur. Polit Stud 59(1):135–155
Stadelmann-Steffen I, Freitag M (2011) Making civil society work: models of democracy and their impact on civic engagement. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Quart 40(3):526–551
Torpe L (2011) Foreningsdanmark. In: Gundelach P (ed) Små og store forandringer. Hanz Reitzels Forlag, Copenhagen, pp 221–239
Weber M (1958) The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York [orig. in German 1904/1905]
WVS 2005. World Values Survey 2005 Official data file v.20090901, 2009. World Values Survey Association, www.worldvaluessurvey.org
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Christoffersen, H., Beyeler, M., Eichenberger, R., Nannestad, P., Paldam, M. (2014). Civil Society: Associational Involvement, Norms and Values. In: The Good Society. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37238-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37238-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37237-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37238-4
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)