Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Radiology Illustrated: Chest Radiology pp 3–23Cite as

Nodule

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 5160 Accesses

Part of the book series: Radiology Illustrated ((RADILL))

Abstract

Solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) are defined as focal, round, or oval areas of increased opacity in the lung with diameters of ≤3 cm [1] (Fig. 1.1). The lesion is not associated with pneumonia, atelectasis, or lymphadenopathy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jeong YJ, Yi CA, Lee KS. Solitary pulmonary nodules: detection, characterization, and guidance for further diagnostic workup and treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:57–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Muller NL, Remy J. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology. 2008;246:697–722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gurney JW. Determining the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with Bayesian analysis. Part I. Theory. Radiology. 1993;186:405–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Yankelevitz DF, Reeves AP, Kostis WJ, Zhao B, Henschke CI. Small pulmonary nodules: volumetrically determined growth rates based on CT evaluation. Radiology. 2000;217:251–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Revel MP, Lefort C, Bissery A, et al. Pulmonary nodules: preliminary experience with three-dimensional evaluation. Radiology. 2004;231:459–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Marchiano A, Calabro E, Civelli E, et al. Pulmonary nodules: volume repeatability at multidetector CT lung cancer screening. Radiology. 2009;251:919–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jeong YJ, Lee KS, Jeong SY, et al. Solitary pulmonary nodule: characterization with combined wash-in and washout features at dynamic multi-detector row CT. Radiology. 2005;237:675–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Siegelman SS, Khouri NF, Scott Jr WW, et al. Pulmonary hamartoma: CT findings. Radiology. 1986;160:313–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lee KS, Yi CA, Jeong SY, et al. Solid or partly solid solitary pulmonary nodules: their characterization using contrast wash-in and morphologic features at helical CT. Chest. 2007;131:1516–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jeong YJ, Lee KS. Pulmonary tuberculosis: up-to-date imaging and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:834–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, et al. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Classification of Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:244–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zwirewich CV, Vedal S, Miller RR, Muller NL. Solitary pulmonary nodule: high-resolution CT and radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiology. 1991;179:469–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yi CA, Lee KS, Kim EA, et al. Solitary pulmonary nodules: dynamic enhanced multi-detector row CT study and comparison with vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel density. Radiology. 2004;233:191–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Godoy MC, Naidich DP. Overview and strategic management of subsolid pulmonary nodules. J Thorac Imaging. 2012;27:240–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Travis WD, Rush W, Flieder DB, et al. Survival analysis of 200 pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors with clarification of criteria for atypical carcinoid and its separation from typical carcinoid. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:934–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Meisinger QC, Klein JS, Butnor KJ, Gentchos G, Leavitt BJ. CT features of peripheral pulmonary carcinoid tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197:1073–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chong S, Lee KS, Chung MJ, Han J, Kwon OJ, Kim TS. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings. Radiographics. 2006;26:41–57; discussion 57–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Forster BB, Muller NL, Miller RR, Nelems B, Evans KG. Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation. Radiology. 1989;170:441–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Detterbeck FC. Management of carcinoid tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:998–1005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bae YA, Lee KS, Han J, et al. Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue: imaging findings in 21 patients. Chest. 2008;133:433–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lee DK, Im JG, Lee KS, et al. B-cell lymphoma of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT): CT features in 10 patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;24:30–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wislez M, Cadranel J, Antoine M, et al. Lymphoma of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: CT scan findings and pathological correlations. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:423–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Borie R, Wislez M, Thabut G, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of pulmonary MALT lymphoma. Eur Respir J. 2009;34:1408–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee JY, Lee KS, Jung KJ, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis: CT and pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;24:691–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee KS, Im JG. CT in adults with tuberculosis of the chest: characteristic findings and role in management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164:1361–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sochocky S. Tuberculoma of the lung. Am Rev Tuberc. 1958;78:403–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Murayama S, Murakami J, Hashimoto S, Torii Y, Masuda K. Noncalcified pulmonary tuberculomas: CT enhancement patterns with histological correlation. J Thorac Imaging. 1995;10:91–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lee HS, Oh JY, Lee JH, et al. Response of pulmonary tuberculomas to anti-tuberculous treatment. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:452–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rogalla P, Lemke I, Kazmierczak B, Bullerdiek J. An identical HMGIC-LPP fusion transcript is consistently expressed in pulmonary chondroid hamartomas with t(3;12)(q27-28;q14-15). Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2000;29:363–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Thomas JW, Staerkel GA, Whitman GJ. Pulmonary hamartoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172:1643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Park KY, Kim SJ, Noh TW, et al. Diagnostic efficacy and characteristic feature of MRI in pulmonary hamartoma: comparison with CT, specimen MRI, and pathology. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2008;32:919–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Potente G, Macori F, Caimi M, Mingazzini P, Volpino P. Noncalcified pulmonary hamartomas: computed tomography enhancement patterns with histologic correlation. J Thorac Imaging. 1999;14:101–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kim GY, Kim J, Choi YS, Kim HJ, Ahn G, Han J. Sixteen cases of sclerosing hemangioma of the lung including unusual presentations. J Korean Med Sci. 2004;19:352–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Im JG, Kim WH, Han MC, et al. Sclerosing hemangiomas of the lung and interlobar fissures: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1994;18:34–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chung MJ, Lee KS, Han J, Sung YM, Chong S, Kwon OJ. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma presenting as solitary pulmonary nodule: dynamic CT findings and histopathologic comparisons. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:430–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kitagawa H, Goto A, Minami M, Nakajima J, Niki T, Fukayama M. Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung with cystic appearance. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2003;33:360–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lee ST, Lee YC, Hsu CY, Lin CC. Bilateral multiple sclerosing hemangiomas of the lung. Chest. 1992;101:572–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Nam JE, Ryu YH, Cho SH, et al. Air-trapping zone surrounding sclerosing hemangioma of the lung. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002;26:358–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sakamoto K, Okita M, Kumagiri H, Kawamura S, Takeuchi K, Mikami R. Sclerosing hemangioma isolated to the mediastinum. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1021–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Shimosato Y. Lung tumors of uncertain histogenesis. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1995;12:185–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kim TS, Han J, Kim GY, Lee KS, Kim H, Kim J. Pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor (inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor): CT features with pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005;29:633–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Agrons GA, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Kirejczyk WM, Conran RM, Stocker JT. Pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor: radiologic features. Radiology. 1998;206:511–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Eyden B. Electron microscopy in the study of myofibroblastic lesions. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2003;20:13–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Travis WD, Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY, Pass HI, Fauci AS. Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Review of 87 open lung biopsies from 67 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15:315–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lee KS, Kim TS, Fujimoto K, et al. Thoracic manifestation of Wegener’s granulomatosis: CT findings in 30 patients. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:43–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cassan SM, Coles DT, Harrison Jr EG. The concept of limited forms of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med. 1970;49:366–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lamprecht P, Gross WL. Wegener’s granulomatosis. Herz. 2004;29:47–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kim HY, Shim YM, Lee KS, Han J, Yi CA, Kim YK. Persistent pulmonary nodular ground-glass opacity at thin-section CT: histopathologic comparisons. Radiology. 2007;245:267–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lee HY, Lee KS. Ground-glass opacity nodules: histopathology, imaging evaluation, and clinical implications. J Thorac Imaging. 2011;26:106–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Mirtcheva R, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: frequency and significance of part-solid and nonsolid nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:1053–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Park CM, Goo JM, Kim TJ, et al. Pulmonary nodular ground-glass opacities in patients with extrapulmonary cancers: what is their clinical significance and how can we determine whether they are malignant or benign lesions? Chest. 2008;133:1402–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kim Y, Lee KS, Jung KJ, Han J, Kim JS, Suh JS. Halo sign on high resolution CT: findings in spectrum of pulmonary diseases with pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999;23:622–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lim H, Ahn S, Lee KS, et al. Persistent pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules >10 mm in diameter at CT: histopathologic comparisons and prognostic implications. Chest 2013;144:1291–9.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lee HJ, Goo JM, Lee CH, et al. Predictive CT findings of malignancy in ground-glass nodules on thin-section chest CT: the effects on radiologist performance. Eur Radiol. 2009;19:552–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kim TJ, Goo JM, Lee KW, Park CM, Lee HJ. Clinical, pathological and thin-section CT features of persistent multiple ground-glass opacity nodules: comparison with solitary ground-glass opacity nodule. Lung Cancer. 2009;64:171–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ullmann R, Bongiovanni M, Halbwedl I, et al. Is high-grade adenomatous hyperplasia an early bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma? J Pathol. 2003;201:371–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lee HY, Lee KS, Han J, et al. Mucinous versus nonmucinous solitary pulmonary nodular bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: CT and FDG PET findings and pathologic comparisons. Lung Cancer. 2009;65:170–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ikeda K, Awai K, Mori T, Kawanaka K, Yamashita Y, Nomori H. Differential diagnosis of ground-glass opacity nodules: CT number analysis by three-dimensional computerized quantification. Chest. 2007;132:984–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yoshida J, Nagai K, Yokose T, et al. Limited resection trial for pulmonary ground-glass opacity nodules: fifty-case experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:991–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Koike T, Togashi K, Shirato T, et al. Limited resection for noninvasive bronchioloalveolar carcinoma diagnosed by intraoperative pathologic examination. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:1106–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Travis WD, Garg K, Franklin WA, et al. Evolving concepts in the pathology and computed tomography imaging of lung adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3279–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Austin JH, Garg K, Aberle D, et al. Radiologic implications of the 2011 classification of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Radiology. 2013;266:62–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Suzuki K, Kusumoto M, Watanabe S, Tsuchiya R, Asamura H. Radiologic classification of small adenocarcinoma of the lung: radiologic-pathologic correlation and its prognostic impact. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:413–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Johkoh T, Muller NL, Akira M, et al. Eosinophilic lung diseases: diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT in 111 patients. Radiology. 2000;216:773–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Noguchi M, Morikawa A, Kawasaki M, et al. Small adenocarcinoma of the lung. Histologic characteristics and prognosis. Cancer. 1995;75:2844–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Borczuk AC, Qian F, Kazeros A, et al. Invasive size is an independent predictor of survival in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:462–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Yim J, Zhu LC, Chiriboga L, Watson HN, Goldberg JD, Moreira AL. Histologic features are important prognostic indicators in early stages lung adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:233–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Oka S, Hanagiri T, Uramoto H, et al. Surgical resection for patients with mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Asian J Surg. 2010;33:89–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bhatt NY, Allen JN. Update on eosinophilic lung diseases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;33:555–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lee HY, Jeong JY, Lee KS, et al. Solitary pulmonary nodular lung adenocarcinoma: correlation of histopathologic scoring and patient survival with imaging biomarkers. Radiology. 2012;264:884–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

    Kyung Soo Lee

  2. Department of Pathology Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

    Joungho Han

  3. Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

    Man Pyo Chung

  4. Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

    Yeon Joo Jeong

Authors
  1. Kyung Soo Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joungho Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Man Pyo Chung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yeon Joo Jeong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lee, K.S., Han, J., Chung, M.P., Jeong, Y.J. (2014). Nodule. In: Radiology Illustrated: Chest Radiology. Radiology Illustrated. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37096-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37096-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37095-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37096-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation