Abstract
Since clustering algorithms identify communities even in networks that are not believed to exhibit clustering behavior, we are interested in evaluating the significance of the communities returned by these algorithms. As a proxy for significance, prior work has investigated stability: by how much do the clusters change when the network is perturbed? We describe a cheap and simple method for evaluating stability and test it on a variety of real-world and synthetic graphs. Rather than evaluating our method on a single clustering algorithm, we give results using three popular clustering algorithms and measuring the distance between computed clusterings via three different metrics. We consider the results in the context of known strengths and weaknesses of the three clustering algorithms and also compare our method against that of measuring modularity. Finally we give evidence that our method provides more information than does the modularity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barabasi, A.L., Albert, R.: Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286(5439), 509–512 (1999), doi:10.1126/science.286.5439.509
Ben-Hur, A., Elisseeff, A., Guyon, I.: A stability based method for discovering structure in clustered data. In: Pac. Symp. on Biocomput., pp. 6–17 (2002), http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11928511
Blondel, V.D., Guillaume, J.L., Lambiotte, R., Lefebvre, E.: Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J. of Stat. Mech.: Theory and Exp. 10, 8 (2008)
Blondel, V.D., Guillaume, J.L., Lambiotte, R., Lefebvre, E.: Louvain method: finding communities in large networks, https://sites.google.com/site/findcommunities/ (accessed: September 13, 2012)
Clauset, A.: “Fast Modularity” community structure inference algorithm, http://cs.unm.edu/aaron/research/fastmodularity.htm (accessed: August 15 , 2012)
Clauset, A., Newman, M.E.J., Moore, C.: Finding community structure in very large networks. Phys. Rev. E 70, 066111 (2004), doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.066111
Csardi, G., Nepusz, T.: The igraph software package for complex network research. Inter Journal Complex Systems 1695 (2006), http://igraph.sf.net
Danon, L., Díaz-Guilera, A., Duch, J., Arenas, A.: Comparing community structure identification. J. of Stat. Mech.: Theory and Exp. 2005 09,008 (2005)
Davis, T.: University of Florida sparse matrix collection. NA Digest, v.92, n.42, Oct. 16, 1994 and NA Digest, v.96, n.28, Jul. 23, 1996, and NA Digest, v.97, n.23 (June 7, 1997)
Dongen, S.V.: Graph clustering by flow simulation. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht (2000)
Dongen, S.V.: Performance criteria for graph clustering and markov cluster experiments. Tech. Rep. INS-R0012, CWI (Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science) (2000)
Dongen, S.V.: MCL-edge: analyzing networks with millions of nodes, http://micans.org/mcl (accessed: August 20, 2012)
Erdos, P., Renyi, A.: On random graphs. Publ. Math (Debrecen) 6, 290 (1959)
Fortunato, S.: Community detection in graphs. Phys. Rep. 486, 75–174 (2010), doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002
Gfeller, D., Chappelier, J.C., De Los Rios, P.: Finding instabilities in the community structure of complex networks. Phys. Rev. E 72, 056135 (2005), doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.056135
Good, B.H., de Montjoye, Y.A., Clauset, A.: Performance of modularity maximization in practical contexts. Phys. Rev. E 81, 046,106 (2010)
Guimera, R., Sales-Pardo, M., Amaral, L.: Modularity from fluctuations in random graphs and complex networks. Phys. Rev. E 70(2), 025,101 (2004)
Hagberg, A.A., Schult, D.A., Swart, P.J.: Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX. In: Proc. of the 7th Python in Sci. Conf. (SciPy 2008), Pasadena, CA USA, pp. 11–15 (2008)
Hu, Y., Nie, Y., Yang, H., Cheng, J., Fan, Y., Di, Z.: Measuring the significance of community structure in complex networks. Phys. Rev. E 82, 066106 (2010), doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.82.066106
Jaccard, P.: Étude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des Alpes et des Jura. Bull. del la Soc. Vaud. des Sci. Nat. 37, 547–579 (1901)
Karrer, B., Levina, E., Newman, M.E.J.: Robustness of community structure in networks. Phys. Rev. E 77, 046,119 (2008), doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.77.046119
Kleinberg, J.M.: An impossibility theorem for clustering. In: Becker, S., Thrun, S., Obermayer, K. (eds.) NIPS, pp. 446–453. MIT Press (2002)
Leskovec, J., Lang, K.J., Mahoney, M.: Empirical comparison of algorithms for network community detection. In: Proc. of the 19th Intl. Conf. on World Wide Web (WWW 2010), pp. 631–640. ACM, New York (2010), doi:10.1145/1772690.1772755
Levine, E., Domany, E.: Resampling method for unsupervised estimation of cluster validity. Neural Comput. 13(11), 2573–2593 (2001), doi:10.1162/089976601753196030
Liben-Nowell, D., Kleinberg, J.: The link prediction problem for social networks. In: Proc. of the Twelfth Intl. Conf. on Inf. and Knowl. Manag. (CIKM 2003), pp. 556–559. ACM, New York (2003), doi:10.1145/956863.956972
Meilă, M.: Comparing clusterings — an information based distance. J. of Multivar. Anal. 98(5), 873–895 (2007), doi:10.1016/j.jmva.2006.11.013
Mirshahvalad, A., Lindholm, J., Derlén, M., Rosvall, M.: Significant communities in large sparse networks. PLoS ONE 7(3), e33721 (2012), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033721
Moradi, F., Olovsson, T., Tsigas, P.: An Evaluation of Community Detection Algorithms on Large-Scale Email Traffic. In: Klasing, R. (ed.) SEA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7276, pp. 283–294. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Newman, M.E.J.: Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks. Phys. Rev. E 69, 066133 (2004), doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066133
Newman, M.E.J.: Modularity and community structure in networks. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. of Sci. 103(23), 8577–8582 (2006), doi:10.1073/pnas.0601602103
Newman, M.E.J., Girvan, M.: Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Phys. Rev. E 69, 026113 (2004)
Rosvall, M., Bergstrom, C.T.: Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. of Sci. 105(4), 1118–1123 (2008), doi:10.1073/pnas.0706851105
Rosvall, M., Bergstrom, C.T.: Mapping change in large networks. PLoS ONE 5(1), e8694 (2010), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008694
Vieira, V.: A Comparison of Methods for Community Detection in Large Scale Networks. In: Menezes, R., Evsukoff, A., González, M.C. (eds.) Complex Networks. SCI, vol. 424, pp. 75–86. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)
Watts, D.J., Strogatz, S.H.: Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks. Nature 393(6684), 440–442 (1998), doi:10.1038/30918
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chen, TY., Fields, E. (2013). Evaluating the Stability of Communities Found by Clustering Algorithms. In: Ghoshal, G., Poncela-Casasnovas, J., Tolksdorf, R. (eds) Complex Networks IV. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 476. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36844-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36844-8_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-36843-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-36844-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)