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Balances

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Balances

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Abstract

Typical parts of the gravitational balance are: balance beam, sample container, connecting parts like suspensions, hinges, lever, bearings, deflection sensor, counteracting, and indicator system. The balance types described include symmetrical and asymmetrical mechanical (besemer, steelyard) counterweight and electro-mechanical balances, suspension balances, aerometer, top pan and platform scales, decimal scales, deflection scales, pendulum scales, elastic force balance, spring balance, torsion balance, as well as molecular elastic forces, and bioforces. The torsion pendulum can be used to determine the gravitational constant, Earth’s mass, and the gravitational field and to control watches. The torsion balance is applied for microweighing. Load cells are based on elastic bodies with strain gauge, piezoelectric or hydraulic sensors. Gyro-, buoyancy-, voltage-, watt-, current, electrostatic balances, and electrometers are used for special applications. Today, besides cheap mechanical scales, for wide-range precision weighing self-compensating electromagnetic systems are applied and for less accurate weighing load cells. To measure and control the mass throughput in industrial plants momentum scales are used. Using Coriolis forces also liquid flow can be measured. The radiometric belt weigher allows in addition the determination of the density of the flowing material. To measure evaporation, adsorption (also in liquids), dust concentration, etc. oscillating devices are applied. Elastic forces, often combined with oscillation allow for measurements down to molecular forces.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Uniwersytet Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin, Poland

    Erich Robens

  2. Battelle-Institut e.V., Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Erich Robens

  3. Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany

    Erich Robens

  4. School of Science & Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK

    Shanath Amarasiri A. Jayaweera

  5. Kern & Sohn GmbH, Balingen, Germany

    Susanne Kiefer

  6. Philipp-Matthäus-Hahn Museum, Albstadt-Onstmettingen, Germany

    Susanne Kiefer

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Robens, E., Jayaweera, S.A.A., Kiefer, S. (2014). Balances. In: Balances. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36447-1_4

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