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Reference Electrodes for Aqueous Solutions

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Handbook of Reference Electrodes

Abstract

The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) acts as a primary reference in electrochemistry. The standard potentials of all other reference electrodes are linked to that of the SHE at the same temperature. The SHE contribution to the cell potential is by convention zero at all temperatures (see Chap. 1).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The value for \( p^{{\rlap{-}{\mathrm{ o}}}} -=100\mathrm{ kPa} \) (standard state pressure) is the IUPAC recommended value since 1982 [2]. Prior to 1982 the standard pressure was usually taken to be \( p^{{\rlap{-}{\mathrm{ o}}}} -=10\text{1,325}\mathrm{ Pa} \) (=1 atm, called the standard atmosphere). In the primary method for pH and general in electrochemistry \( p^{{\rlap{-}{\mathrm{ o}}}} -=10\text{1,325}\mathrm{ Pa} \) is still the preferred standard.

  2. 2.

    In [19] the empirical relation for the bubbler depth correction is given in mmHg as 0.4h/13.6, and the depth of immersion of the bubbler in mm.

  3. 3.

    The widely used buffer solution potassium hydrogen phthalate (pH = 4.1 at 25 °C) cannot be measured by the platinum hydrogen electrode due to reduction of the phthalate. In this case a palladium electrode is used.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany

    Petra Spitzer

  2. METAS, Chemistry, Lindenweg 50, CH-3003, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland

    Samuel Wunderli

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland

    Krzysztof Maksymiuk, Agata Michalska, Anna Kisiel & Zbigniew Galus

  4. Leiter Forschung, SI Analytics GmbH, Hattenbergstraße 10, 55122, Mainz, Germany

    Günter Tauber

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  3. Krzysztof Maksymiuk
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  4. Agata Michalska
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  5. Anna Kisiel
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  6. Zbigniew Galus
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  7. Günter Tauber
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Petra Spitzer , Petra Spitzer , Zbigniew Galus , Krzysztof Maksymiuk , Krzysztof Maksymiuk , Günter Tauber or Zbigniew Galus .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Physical Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest, 1117, Hungary

    György Inzelt

  2. Center for Process Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, Abo, 20500, Finland

    Andrzej Lewenstam

  3. Inst. Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, Greifswald, 17487, Germany

    Fritz Scholz

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Spitzer, P. et al. (2013). Reference Electrodes for Aqueous Solutions. In: Inzelt, G., Lewenstam, A., Scholz, F. (eds) Handbook of Reference Electrodes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36188-3_5

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