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Stammzellen und Tissue Engineering

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Zusammenfassung

Stammzellen sind mehr oder minder undifferenzierte Zellen, die im Organismus die Potenz (Fähigkeit) besitzen, in die rund 220 Zellarten der drei Keimblätter des Körpers zu differenzieren (s.u.). Eine besondere Eigenschaft, die Stammzellen auszeichnet, ist die Fähigkeit zur asymmetrischen Zellteilung. Nach einer Zellteilung können entweder beide Tochterzellen als Stammzellen verbleiben, um den internen Stammzellpool aufrechtzuerhalten (self-renewal), oder nur eine Tochterzelle verbleibt als Stammzelle während die andere in einen gewebespezifischen Differenzierungspfad gelenkt wird. Man unterscheidet embryonale und adulte Stammzellen (für Übersichtsarbeiten siehe Czyz et al., 2003; Eckfeldt et al., 2005; Weissmann, 2000; Wobus and Boheler, 2005). Während embryonale Stammzellen in einer kurzen Phase der Embryonalentwicklung (Morulastadium) noch tatsächlich zu allen denkbaren Zellen und sogar in vivo zu einem ganzen Organismus ausdifferenzieren können (totipotent), sind Stammzellen aus dem fertigen Organismus dazu nach dem derzeitigen Stand der Wissenschaften nicht mehr in der Lage (pluripotent und multipotent). Jedoch können solche Stammzellen, die mittlerweile in nahezu allen Geweben gefunden wurden, vielerlei regenerative Aufgaben im Körper erfüllen, indem sie bei Bedarf in die benötigte Differenzierung einmünden. Darüber hinaus wurde entdeckt, dass adulte Stammzellen in einem ausgewachsenen Organismus selbst noch eine hohe Plastizität aufweisen. Darunter versteht man die Fähigkeit einer Zelle, die Gewebegrenzen zu überschreiten und sich in Zellen eines anderen Gewebetyps zu entwickeln (Herzog et al., 2003; Lakshimpathy and Verfaillie, 2005; Wagers and Weissman, 2004).

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  1. Sektion für Physiologie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Str. 3, A-6020, Innsbruck, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Gerhard Gstraunthaler

  2. Institut für angewandte Zellkultur, Balanstr. 6, D-81669, München, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Toni Lindl

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Gstraunthaler, G., Lindl, T. (2013). Stammzellen und Tissue Engineering. In: Zell- und Gewebekultur. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35997-2_21

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