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Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II pp 76–107Cite as

On Patterns for Decentralized Control in Self-Adaptive Systems

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Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNPSE,volume 7475)

Abstract

Self-adaptation is typically realized using a control loop. One prominent approach for organizing a control loop in self-adaptive systems is by means of four components that are responsible for the primary functions of self-adaptation: Monitor, Analyze, Plan, and Execute, together forming a MAPE loop. When systems are large, complex, and heterogeneous, a single MAPE loop may not be sufficient for managing all adaptation in a system, so multiple MAPE loops may be introduced. In self-adaptive systems with multiple MAPE loops, decisions about how to decentralize each of the MAPE functions must be made. These decisions involve how and whether the corresponding functions from multiple loops are to be coordinated (e.g., planning components coordinating to prepare a plan for an adaptation). To foster comprehension of self-adaptive systems with multiple MAPE loops and support reuse of known solutions, it is crucial that we document common design approaches for engineers. As such systematic knowledge is currently lacking, it is timely to reflect on these systems to: (a) consolidate the knowledge in this area, and (b) to develop a systematic approach for describing different types of control in self-adaptive systems. We contribute with a simple notation for describing interacting MAPE loops, which we believe helps in achieving (b), and we use this notation to describe a number of existing patterns of interacting MAPE loops, to begin to fulfill (a). From our study, we outline numerous remaining research challenges in this area.

Keywords

  • Control Loop
  • Service Level Agreement
  • MAPE Component
  • MAPE Loop
  • MAPE Pattern

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden

    Danny Weyns & Jesper Andersson

  2. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Bradley Schmerl

  3. Università di Roma TorVergata, Italy

    Vincenzo Grassi

  4. George Mason University, Washington DC, USA

    Sam Malek

  5. Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

    Raffaela Mirandola

  6. LMU München and Fraunhofer ESK, Germany

    Christian Prehofer

  7. University of Washington, WA, USA

    Jochen Wuttke

  8. Hasso Plattner Institute at the University of Potsdam, Germany

    Holger Giese

  9. Technische Universität Wien, Austria

    Karl M. Göschka

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  1. Danny Weyns
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  2. Bradley Schmerl
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  3. Vincenzo Grassi
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  4. Sam Malek
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  9. Holger Giese
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NF, Canterbury, UK

    Rogério de Lemos

  2. System Analysis and Modeling Group, Hasso Plattner Institute at the University of Potsdam, Germany

    Holger Giese

  3. University of Victoria, Australia

    Hausi A. Müller

  4. Institute for Software Research, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Mary Shaw

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Weyns, D. et al. (2013). On Patterns for Decentralized Control in Self-Adaptive Systems. In: de Lemos, R., Giese, H., Müller, H.A., Shaw, M. (eds) Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7475. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35813-5_4

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