Zusammenfassung
Eine stetig wachsende Zahl von Untersuchungen hat in den vergangenen Jahren zu einem rasanten Fortschritt im Verständnis der neurobiologischen Grundlagen der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) geführt. Die Faszination, die diese Krankheit auf neurobiologisch orientierte Forscher ausübt, liegt sicherlich neben dem eindrucksvollen klinischen Bild zu einem großen Teil darin, dass sich hier die Stressforschung und die Forschung zu den neuronalen, molekularbiologischen und pharmakologischen Grundlagen der Psychopathologie ergänzen und gegenseitig befruchten. Besonders deutlich wird dies auf den Gebieten des Einflusses von Stress auf Lern- und Gedächtnisprozesse sowie im Bereich der Emotionsregulation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literatur
Adamec, R. E. & Shallow, T (1993). Lasting effects on rodent anxiety of a single exposure to a cat. Physiology and Behaviour, 54, 101–109.
Aerni, A., Traber, R., Hock, C. et al. (2004). Low-dose kortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1488–1490.
Aisa, B., Tordera, R., Lasheras, B. et al. (2007). Cognitive impairment associated to HPA axis hyperactivity after maternal separation in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 256–266.
Aliyev, N.A. & Aliyev, Z.N. (2011). Lamotrigine in the immediate treatment of outpatients with depersonalization disorder without psychiatric comorbidity – randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31, 61–65.
Arborelius, L., Owens, M. J., Plotsky, P. M. & Nemeroff, C. B. (1999). The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Endocrinology, 160, 1–12.
Armony, J. L., Corbo, V., Clement, M. H. & Brunet, A. (2005). Amygdala response in patients with acute PTSD to masked and unmasked emotional facial expressions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1961–1963.
Asmundson, G. J., Coons, M. J., Taylor, S. & Katz, J. (2002). PTSD and the experience of pain: research and clinical implications of shared vulnerability and mutual maintenance models. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 930–937.
Badour, C. L., Bown, S., Adams, T. G. et al. (2012). Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety disorders, 26, 590–598
Baker, D. B., West, S. A., Nicholson, W. E. et al. (1999). Serial CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 585–588.
Barad, M., Gean, P. W. & Lutz, B. (2006). The role of the amygdala in the extinction of conditioned fear. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 322–328.
Bohus, M., Landwehrmeyer, G. B., Stiglmayr, C. E. et al. (1999). Naltrexone in the treatment of dissociative symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: An open-label trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 598–603.
Bremner, J. D. (2002). Does stress damage the brain? Understanding trauma-related disorders from a mind-body perspective. New York: Norton.
Bremner, J. D. (2003). Functional neuroanatomical correlates of traumatic stress revisited 7 years later, this time with data. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 37, 6–25.
Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Scott, T. M. et al. (1995). MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 973–981.
Bremner, J. D., Licinio, J., Darnell, A. et al. (1997). Elevated CSF corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 624–629.
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E. et al. (2003a). Kortisol response to a cognitive stress challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 733–750.
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E. et al. (2003b). MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 924–932.
Bremner, J. D., Mletzko, T., Welter, S. et al. (2004). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with phenytoin: An open label pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1559–1564.
Bremner, J. D., Mletzko, T., Welter, S. et al. (2005a). Effects of phenytoin on memory, cognition and brain structure in posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19, 159–165.
Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E., Schmahl, C. et al. (2005b). Positron emission tomographic imaging of neural correlates of a fear acquisition and extinction paradigm in women with childhood sexual abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 35, 791–806
Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T. & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670–686.
Cabeza, R. & Nyberg, L. (2000). Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 1–47.
Cohen, H., Benjamin, J., Kaplan, Z. & Kotler, M. (2000). Administration of high-dose ketoconazole, an inhibitor of steroid synthesis, prevents posttraumatic anxiety in an animal model. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, 429–435.
Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Davis, M., Ressler, K., Rothbaum, B. O. & Richardson, R. (2006). Effects of D-cycloserine on extinction: Translation from preclinical to clinical work. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 369–375.
De Kleine, R. A., Hendriks, G.-J., Kusters, W. J. C. et al. (2012). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine to enhance exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 962–968.
De Quervain, D. J. (2006). Glukokortikoid-induced inhibition of memory retrieval: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Acadamy of Science, 1071, 216–220.
De Quervain, D. J., Roozendaal, B. & McGaugh, J. L. (1998). Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory. Nature, 394, 787–790.
De Quervain, D. J., Roozendaal, B., Nitsch, R. M. et al. (2000). Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long–term declarative memory in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 313–314.
De Quervain, D. J., Henke, K., Aerni, A. et al. (2003a). Glukokortikoid-induced impairment of declarative memory retrieval is associated with reduced blood flow in the medial temporal lobe. European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 1296–1302.
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Emotion, 6, 169–200.
Elzinga, B. M. & Bremner, J. D. (2002). Are the neural substrates of memory the final common pathway in PTSD? Journal of Affective Disorders, 70, 1–17.
Elzinga, B. M., Schmahl, C. S., Vermetten, E et al. (2003). Higher kortisol levels following exposure to traumatic reminders in abuse-related PTSD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1656–1665.
Engelhard, I. M., Olatunji, B. O. & de Jong, P. J. (2011). Disgust and the development of posttraumatic stress among soldiers deployed to Afghanistan. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 58–63.
Etkin, A. & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1476–1488.
Frewen, P. A. & Lanius, R. A. (2006). Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic self-dysregulation: reexperiencing, hyperarousal, dissociation, and emotional numbing. Annals of the New York Acadamy of Science, 1071, 110–124.
Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R.A. & Brewin C.R. (2011). Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28. 750–769.
Geuze, E., Westenberg, H. G. M., Jochims, A. et al. (2007). Altered pain processing in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 76–85.
Gilbertson, M. W., Shenton, M. E., Ciszewski, A. et al. (2002). Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathological vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 1242–1247.
Golub, Y., Kaltwasser, S. F., Mauch, C. P. et al. (2011) Reduced hippocampus volume in the mouse model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 650–659
Guastella, A. J., Dadds, M. R., Lovibond, P. F. et al. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of the effect of D-cycloserine on exposure therapy for spider fear. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41, 466–471.
Guastella, A. J., Richardson, R., Lovibond, P. F. et al. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of D-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 544–549.
Gurvits, T. V., Shenton, M. E., Hokama, H. et al. (1996). Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 40, 1091–1099.
Hellhammer, D.H. & Wade, S. (1993). Endocrine correlates of stress vulnerability. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 60, 8-17.
Herry, C. & Mons, N. (2004). Resistance to extinction is associated with impaired immediate early gene induction in medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. European Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 781–790.
Hofmann, S. G., Meuret, A. E., Smits, J. A. et al. (2006). Augmentation of exposure therapy with D-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 298–304.
Karl, A., Schaefer, M., Malta, L. S. et al. (2006). A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 1004–1031.
Kasai, K., Yamasue, H., Gilbertson, M. W. et al. (2008). Evidence for acquired pregenual anterior cingulated gray matter loss from a twin study of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 63, 550–556.
Kitayama, N., Vaccarino, V., Kutner, M. et al. (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 88, 79–86.
Klaassens, E. R., Giltay, E. J., Cuijpers, P. et al. (2012). Adulthood trauma and HPA-axis functioning in healthy subjects and PTSD patients: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, 317–331.
Krause-Utz, A., Oei, N. Y., Niedtfeld, I. et al. (2012). Influence of emotional distraction on working memory performance in borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine 42, 2181–2192
Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., Seibyl, J. P. et al. (1994). Subanesthetic effects of the NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans: Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 199–214.
Kushner, M. G, Kim, S. W., Donahue, C. et al. (2007). D-cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 835–838.
Lanius, R. A., Hopper, J. W. & Menon, R. S. (2003). Individual differences in a husband and wife who developed ptsd after a motor vehicle accident: A functional MRI case study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 667–669.
Lanius R. A. Williamson, P. C., Bluhm, R. L. et al. (2005). Functional connectivity of dissociative responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 873–884.
Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Boksman, K. et al. (2002). Brain activation during script-driven imagery induced dissociative responses in PTSD: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 305–311.
Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Densmore, M. et al. (2001). Neural correlates of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional mri investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1920–1922.
Lanius, R.A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R.J. et al. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 640-647
Lippmann, M., Bress, A., Nemeroff, C. B. et al. (2007). Long-term behavioural and molecular alterations associated with maternal separation in rats. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 3091–3098.
Litz, B. T., Salters-Pedneault, K., Steenkamp, M. M. et al. (2012). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine and exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, im Druck.
Ludäscher, P., Valerius, G., Stiglmayr, C. et al. (2010). Pain sensitivity and neural processing during dissociative states in patients with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid PTSD: a pilot study. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 35, 177–184
McAllister-Williams, R. H. & Rugg, M. D. (2002). Effects of repeated cortisol administration on brain potential correlates of episodic memory retrieval. Psychopharmacology, 60, 74–83.
Meewisse, M.-L., Reitsma, J. B., De Vries, G.-J. et al. (2007). Cortisol and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults. Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 387–392.
Milad, M. R., Pitman, R. K., Ellis, C. B. et al. (2009). Neurobiological basis of failure to recall extinction memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 1075–1082.
Morris, M. C., Compas, B. E. & Garber, J. (2012). Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 301–315.
Newcomer, J. W., Farber, N. B., Jevtovic-Todorovic, V. et al. (1998). Ketamine-induced NMDA receptor hypofunction as a model of memory impairment and psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 106–118.
Nuller, Y. L., Morozova, M. G., Kushnir, O. N. & Hamper, N. (2001). Effect of naloxone therapy on depersonalization. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 15, 93–95.
Olatunji, B. O., Babson, K. A., Smith, R. C. et al. (2009). Gender as a moderator of the relation between PTSD and disgust: A laboratory test employing individualized script-driven imagery. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1091–1097.
Oye, I., Paulsen, O. & Maurset, A. (1992). Effects of ketamine on sensory perception: evidence for a role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 260, 1209–1213.
Paquette, V., Levesque, J., Mensour, B. et al. (2003). „Change the mind and you change the brain“: effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on the neural correlates of spider phobia. Neuroimage, 18, 401–409.
Phan, K. L., Britton, J. C., Taylor, S. F. et al. (2006). Corticolimbic blood flow during nontraumatic emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 184–192.
Phelps, E. A. & LeDoux, J. E. (2005). Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron, 48, 175–187.
Philipsen, A., Schmahl, C. & Lieb, K. (2004). Naloxone in the treatment of acute dissociative states in female patients with borderline personality disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry, 37, 196–199.
Phillips, M. L., Williams, L. M., Heining, M. et al. (2004). Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust. Neuroimage, 21, 1484–1496.
Phillips, M. L., Young, A. W., Scott, S. K. et al. (1997): A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature 389, 495–498.
Pitman, R. K., van der Kolk, B. A., Orr, S. P. & Greenberg, M. S. (1990). Naloxone-reversible analgesic response to combat-related stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder. A pilot study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 541–544.
Rauch, S. L., Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M. et al. (2000). Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: a functional MRI study. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 769–776.
Ressler, K. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Tannenbaum, L. et al. (2004). Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1136–1144.
Richter-Levin, G. (1998). Acute and long-term behavioral correlates of underwater trauma-potential relevance to stress and post-stress syndromes. Psychiatry Research, 79, 73–83.
Rothbaum, B. O. (2008). Critical parameters for D-cycloserine enhancement of cognitive-behaviorial therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 293–296.
Rougemont-Bücking, A., Linnman, C., Zeffiro, T. A. et al. (2011). Altered processing of contextual information during fear extinction in PTSD: An fMRI study. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 17, 227–236.
Rüsch, N., Corrigan,P.W. Bohus, M. et al. (2007) The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on dysfunctional implicit and explicit emotions among women with borderline personality disorder.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 537–539.
Rüsch, N., Schulz, D., Valerius, G. et al. (2011). Disgust and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 261, 369–376.
Schienle, A., Schafer, A., Hermann, A. et al. (2006): fMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination. Neuroscience Letters, 393, 174–178.
Schienle, A., Stark, R., Walter, B. et al. (2002). The insula is not specifically involved in disgust processing: an fMRI study. Neuroreport, 13, 2023–2026.
Schmahl, C., Kleindienst, N., Limberger, M. et al. (2012): Evaluation of naltrexone for dissociative symptoms in borderline personality disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27, 61–68
Schmahl, C., Stiglmayr, C. (Hrsg.) (2009). Selbstverletzendes Verhalten bei stress-assoziierten Störungen, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Shin, L. M., Wright, C. I., Cannistraro, P. A. et al. (2005). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 273–281.
Siegmund, A. & Wotjak, C. T. (2006). Toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Acadamy of Sciences, 1071, 324–334.
Siegmund, A. & Wotjak, C. T. (2007). A mouse model of posttraumatic stress disorder that distinguishes between conditioned and sensitised fear. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41, 848–860.
Sierra, M., Phillips, M. L., Lambert, M. V. et al. (2001). Lamotrigine in the treatment of depersonalization disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 826–827.
Sippel, L. M. & Marshall, A. D. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, intimate partner violence perpetration, and the mediating role of shame processing bias. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25 (7), 903–910.
Soravia, L. M., Heinrichs, M., Aerni, A. et al. (2006). Glucocorticoids reduce phobic fear in humans. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Science USA, 103, (4), 5585–5590.
Stark, R., Zimmermann, M., Kagerer, S. et al. (2007). Hemodynamic brain correlates of disgust and fear ratings. Neuroimage, 37, 663–673.
Stein, M. B., Koverola, C. Hanna, C. et al. (1997). Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Medicine, 27, 951–959.
Strigo, I. A., Simmons, A. N., Matthews, S. C. et al. (2010). Neural correlates of altered pain response in women with posttraumatic stress disorder from intimate partner violence. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 442–450.
Tüscher, O., Protopopescu, X., Pan, H. et al. (2011). Differential activity of subgenual cingulate and brainstem in panic disorder and PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 25, 251–257.
Walker, D. L., Ressler, K. J., Lu, K. T. & Davis, M. (2002). Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 2343–2351.
Walsh, S. L., Geter-Douglas, B., Strain, E. C. & Bigelow, G. E. (2001). Enadoline and butorphanol: Evaluation of · –agonists on cocaine pharmacodynamics and cocaine self administration in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 299, 147–158.
Watanabe, Y. E., Gould, H., Cameron, D. et al. (1992). Phenytoin prevents stress and corticosterone induced atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus, 2, 431–436.
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J. et al. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655–664.
Wilhelm, S., Buhlmann, U., Tolin, D. F. et al. (2008). Augmentation of behavior therapy with D-cycloserine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 335–341.
Williams, L. M., Das, P., Liddell, B. et al. (2005). BOLD, sweat and fears: fMRI and skin conductance distinguish facial fear signals. Neuroreport, 16, 49–52.
Wingenfeld, K., Driessen, M., Terfehr, K. et al. (2012). Cortisol has enhancing, rather than impairing effects on memory retrieval in PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1048–1056.
Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Reardon, A. F. et al. (2012). A latent class analysis of dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder. Evidence for a dissociative subtype. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 698–705.
Woon, F. L. & Hedges, D. W. (2009) Amygdala volume in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 21, 5–12.
Woon, F. L., Sood, S. & Hedges, D. W (2010). Hippocampal volume deficits associated with exposure to psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: a meta-analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 34, 1181–1888
Woon, F. L. & Hedges, D. W. (2011), Gender does not moderate hippocampal volume deficits in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Hippocampus, 21, 243–252
Yamamoto, S., Morinobu, S., Fuchikami, M. et al. (2008). Effects of single prolonged stress and D-cycloserine on contextual fear extinction and hippocampal NMDA receptor expression in a rat model of PTSD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 2108–2116.
Yehuda, R., Southwick, S. M., Nussbaum, E. L. et al. (1991). Low urinary cortisol in PTSD. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 366–369.
Yehuda, R., Teicher, M. H., Trestman, R. L. et al. (1996). Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression: a chronobiological analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 40, 79–88.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schmahl, C. (2013). Neurobiologie. In: Maercker, A. (eds) Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35068-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35068-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-35067-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-35068-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Science (German Language)