Skip to main content
Book cover

Megacity Mobility Culture pp 3–21Cite as

Trends and Challenges: Global Urbanisation and Urban Mobility

Part of the Lecture Notes in Mobility book series (LNMOB)

Abstract

Throughout the world, urban policymakers continue to struggle balancing the ever-increasing levels of activity in cities against the need for more-sustainable forms of urban development. City-making challenges are exacerbated by the global environmental crisis and concerns about climate change, resource depletion, increased levels of pollution, and the loss of biodiversity. These concerns are directly related to current unsustainable patterns of urbanisation. This chapter first focuses on the overall context of global urbanisation and its connections to the challenge of urban transport. With reference to the current growth of cities and the ongoing urbanisation evident in many parts of the world, it details three main components of this growth: people, urban land, and transport. The chapter moves on to highlight the problems, challenges and risks that cities are facing today by looking at the central environmental, economic and social concerns that have emerged in relation to the systemic, spatial component of cities and its linkages to urban transport and access to the city. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of working productively with the interrelatedness of urban systems, particularly with regard to land use and urban transport.

Keywords

  • Ecological Footprint
  • Social Concern
  • Gated Community
  • Urban Transport
  • Slum Dweller

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34735-1_1
  • Chapter length: 19 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-642-34735-1
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
Fig. 1.3
Fig. 1.4
Fig. 1.5
Fig. 1.6
Fig. 1.7
Fig. 1.8

References

  1. Angel S (2011) Making room for a planet of cities. Policy Focus Report

    Google Scholar 

  2. Angel S, Sheppard SC, Civco DL (2005) The dynamics of global urban expansion. The World Bank, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  3. Appleyard DM, Gerson S, Lintell M (eds) (1982) Livable streets. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  4. Barber B (2012) If Mayors ruled the world: why cities can and should govern globally and how they already do. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  5. Best Foot Forward (2002) City limits: a resource flow and ecological footprint analysis of greater London. Best Foot Forward, London

    Google Scholar 

  6. BioRegional and L. S. D. Commission (2009) Capital consumption: the transition to sustainable consumption and production in London. Chartered Institution of Wastes Management—Environmental Body. London

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bookchin M (1992) Urbanization without cities: the rise and decline of citizenship. Black Rose Books, Montreal

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bottles SL (1987) Los Angeles and the automobile: the making of the modern city. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bradbury A, Tomlinson P, Millington A (2007) Understanding the evolution of community severance and its consequences on mobility and social cohesion over the past century. European transport conference 2007, creating a livable environment seminar. Association for European Transport and Contributors

    Google Scholar 

  10. Buchanan CD (1963) Traffic in towns: a study of the long term problems of traffic in urban areas. H.M. Stationery Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bull FC, Armstrong TP, Dixon T, Ham S, Neiman A, Pratt M (eds) (2004) Physical inactivity. Comparative quantification of health risks. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  12. Burdett R, Rode P (2011) Living in the urban age. In: Burdett R, Sudjic D (eds) Living in the endless city. Phaidon Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  13. Burdett R, Sudjic D (2011) The endless city. Phaidon Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  14. Carruthers JI, Ulfarsson GF (2003) Urban sprawl and the cost of public services. Environ Plann B: Plann Des 30(4):503–522

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  15. CEO for Cities (2011) New York City’s green dividend. http://www.ceosforcities.org/work/nycs_green_dividend

  16. Cervero R (1998) The transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Island Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  17. Chen H, Jia B, Lau S (2008) Sustainable Urban form for Chinese compact cities: challenges of a rapid urbanized economy. Habitat Int 32(1):28–40

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  18. Cohen B (2006) Urbanization in developing countries: current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technol Soc 28(1–2):63–80

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  19. Confederation of British Industry (2004) The UK as a place to do Business: is transport holding the UK Back? CBI Report

    Google Scholar 

  20. Dargay J, Gatley D, Sommer M (2007) Vehicle ownership and income growth, Worldwide: 1960–2030. Energy J 28(4):143–170

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dora C (2007) Health burden of urban transport: the technical challenge. Sādhanā 32(4):285–292. http://www.ias.ac.in/sadhana/Pdf2007Aug/285.PDF

    Google Scholar 

  22. Edwards PTA (2008) A healthy city is an active city: a physical activity planning guide. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  23. European Commission—Directorate-General Energy and Transport (2007) EU 27 CO2 Emissions by Sector, EU-27. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/figures/pocketbook/doc/2007/2007_environment_en.xls

  24. European Environment Agency (ed) (2006) Urban sprawl in Europe: the ignored challenge. EEA Report No. 10

    Google Scholar 

  25. Fulton L (2008) CO2 reductions in transport: what’s hot and Not. In: IEA Day, COP-14. International Energy Agency. Poznan

    Google Scholar 

  26. Gayda S, Haag G, Besussi E, Lautso K, Noel C, Martino A et al (2005) SCATTER—Sprawling cities and transport. Stratec S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Greater London Authority (2007) Action today to protect tomorrow—The Mayor’s climate change action plan. Greater London Authority

    Google Scholar 

  28. Heinze GW, Kill HH (1991) Chancen des ÖPNV am Ende der autogerechten Stadt. Verkehrspolitische Lehren für einen traditionellen Verkehrsträger im Strukturbruch. Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft 12/13:105–136

    Google Scholar 

  29. Herzog T (2009) World greenhouse gas emissions in 2005: WRI working paper. World Resources Institute, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  30. IBI Group (2009) The implications of alternative growth patters on infrastructure costs. Plan it Calgary, Calgary

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kamal-Chaoui L, Robert A (2009) Competitive cities and climate change: OECD regional development working papers N° 2. OECD Publishing, Paris

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  32. Knoflacher H, Rode P, Tiwari G (2008) How roads kill cities. In: Burdett R, Sudjic D (eds) The endless city. Phaidon Press, London, pp 394–411

    Google Scholar 

  33. Koolhaas R, Boeri S, Kwinter D, Tazi N, Obrist HU (2001) Mutations. ACTAR, Barcelona

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kutzbach M (2010) Megacities and megatraffic. ACCESS 37:31–35

    Google Scholar 

  35. Laconte P (2005) Urban and transport management—International trends and practices: international symposium. Sustainable Urban transport and city. Tongji University, Nagoya University, Shanghai

    Google Scholar 

  36. Litman T (2006) Cities connect: how urbanity helps achieve social inclusion objectives. In: Metropolis conference, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  37. Litman T (2011) Understanding smart growth savings,http://www.vtpi.org/sg_save.pdf

  38. Massey DS, Denton NA (eds) (1993) American apartheid: segregation and the making of the underclass. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  39. McDonald R, Kareiva P, Forman RTT (2008) The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv 141:1695–1703

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  40. McGranahan G, Jacobi P, Songsore J, Surfjadi C, Kjellèn M (2001) The citizens at risk: from urban sanitation to sustainable cities. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

  41. McKinsey Global Institute (2010) India’s urban awakening: building inclusive cities, Sustaining Economic Growth

    Google Scholar 

  42. Melchert L (2004) Transnational urban spaces and urban environmental reforms: analyzing Beijing’s environmental restructuring in the light of globalization. Cities 21(4):321–328

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  43. Mohan D (2002) Social cost of road traffic crashes in India. In: First safe community conference on cost of injury, Viborg, Denmark pp 33–38, http://tripp.iitd.ernet.in/publications/paper/safety/dnmrk01.PDF

  44. Mohan D, Tsimhoni O, Sivak M, Flannagan M (eds) (2009) Road safety in India: challenges and opportunities. Transportation Research Institute, The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, http://www.ki.se/csp/pdf/Publications/DM_UMTRI_2009_1_1.pdf

  45. O’Connor KM, Sauer SJ (2006) Recognizing social capital in social networks: experimental results (Johnson School Research Paper Series). pp 16–18

    Google Scholar 

  46. OECD (2006) Competitive cities the global economy (OECD Territorial Reviews). Paris

    Google Scholar 

  47. OECD (2009) Cities and climate change: key messages from the OECD

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ogden CL, Carroll MD (2010) Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 through 2007–2008

    Google Scholar 

  49. Pan H (2011) Implementing sustainable travel policies in China: international transport forum. OECD, Leipzig

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  50. Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, Mathers C (2004) World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  51. Power A (1987) Property before people: the management of twentieth-century council housing. Allen and Unwin, London

    Google Scholar 

  52. Putnam R (2004) Education, diversity, social cohesion and ‘Social Capital’. ‘Raising the quality of learning for all’: Meeting of OECD Education Minister Dublin. Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  53. Putnam RD (2000) Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American Community. Simon and Schuster, New York

    Google Scholar 

  54. Putnam RD, Leonardi R, Nanetti RY (1994) Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ravallion M, Chen S, Sangraula P (2007) New evidence on the urbanization of global poverty. Population Dev Rev 33(4):667–701

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  56. Rodrigue J-P, Comtois C, Slack B (2009) The geography of transport systems. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  57. Satterthwaite D (2011) Surviving in an urban age. In: Burdett R, Sudjic D (eds) Living in the endless city. Phaidon Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sennett R (2012) The open city. In: Burdett R, Sudjic D (eds) The endless city. Phaidon Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  59. Sennett R (2012) Together; the rituals, pleasures, and politics of cooperation. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  60. Staniford S (2010) Chinese transportation growth

    Google Scholar 

  61. Steinberg F (2007) Jakarta: environmental problems and sustainability. Habitat Int 31(3–4):354–365

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  62. UN Habitat (2006) The habitat agenda goals and principles, commitments and the global plan of action

    Google Scholar 

  63. UN Habitat (2007) Enhancing Urban Safety and Security—Global Report on Human Settlements 2007

    Google Scholar 

  64. UN Habitat (2008) State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009: Harmonious Cities, Earthscan

    Google Scholar 

  65. UN Habitat (2010) State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide

    Google Scholar 

  66. UN Habitat (2011) Global Report on Human Settlements 2011: Cities and Climate Change. Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  67. UN Population Division (2007) World Urbanisation Prospects 2007: World Urbanization Level—1950–2005. http://esa.un.org/unup/

  68. UN Population Division (2009) World Urbanization Prospects—The 2009 Revision

    Google Scholar 

  69. UN Population Division (2010) World Population Prospects—The 2010 Revision

    Google Scholar 

  70. UNEP (2011) Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication

    Google Scholar 

  71. Webster D, Bertraud A, Jianming C, Zhenshan Y (2010) Toward Efficient Urban Form in China. United Nations University Working Paper, No. 2010/97

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wolfram M, Bührmann S, Martino A, Brigati E (2005) Sustainable urban transport plans (SUTP) and urban environment: policies, effects and simulations. Rupprecht Consult, Cologne

    Google Scholar 

  73. World Bank (2002) Cities on the move: a world bank urban transport strategy review. World Bank, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  74. World Bank (2009) World development report 2009: reshaping economic geography. World Bank, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  75. World Health Organization (2011) Road traffic injuries—Fact sheet No 358

    Google Scholar 

  76. Wright L, Fulton L (2005) Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transp Rev 25(6):691–717

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  77. Zijderveld A (2008) A theory of urbanity: the economic and civic culture of cities. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This essay is based on a contribution to the Green Economy Report’s cities chapter published by the United Nations Environment Programme [70] and on the author’s research on integrated planning, design and transport.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. London School of Economics, London, UK

    Philipp Rode

Authors
  1. Philipp Rode
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and Permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

    About this chapter

    Cite this chapter

    Rode, P. (2013). Trends and Challenges: Global Urbanisation and Urban Mobility. In: Megacity Mobility Culture. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34735-1_1

    Download citation