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Observation of the System Earth from Space - CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and future missions pp 165–230Cite as

Future Gravity Field Satellite Missions

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Part of the book series: Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences ((ATES))

Abstract

The project “Future Gravity Field Satellite Missions” (FGM) was a logical consequence of two previous phases in Theme 2 “Observation of the System Earth from Space” in the BMBF/DFG (Federal Ministry of Education and Research/German Research Foundation) Research and Development Programme GEOTECHNOLOGIEN.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note that even though the FGM orbits are still far from the air-drag environment of the feasible GOCE orbit (\(\sim \)270 km altitude), GOCE is designed for a baseline lifetime of 18 month only which would be incompliant with the envisaged mission requirements, i.e. insufficient for the purpose of long-term monitoring of the gravity field for at least five years.

  2. 2.

    The one way Doppler shift is given by \(\Delta \) f \(=\) v/ \(\lambda \) where v is satellites’ relative velocity and \(\lambda \) the laser wavelength. Current photodetector/phasemeter prototypes have a bandwidth of 20 MHz with beatnote frequencies around 1–20 MHz (e.g. Bykov et al. 2009). In an offset-locked transponder configuration the beatnote frequency at the main S/C is twice the one-way Doppler shift plus the offset introduced by the transponder. If \(\Delta \) f \(=\) 9.5 MHz an offset of 1 MHz implies a 20 MHz beatnote, if \(\Delta \) f \(=\) \(-\)9.5 MHz an offset of 20 MHz gives a beatnote frequency of 1 MHz at the main S/C. For (a typical) \(\lambda = 1064\) nm the tolerable relative velocity then results to \(\pm \)10 m/s.

  3. 3.

    LISA Technology Package Data Analysis (LTPDA) is a MATLAB toolbox being implemented in the framework of the LISA gravitational wave detection mission. Further information as well as the toolbox itself—downloadable for free—is available via www.lisa.aei-hannover.de/ltpda.

  4. 4.

    Note that the peaks at once and twice the orbital frequency in the coupling with pointing noise (dash-dotted line) exceed the internal noise level by far as well and originate from cyclo-stationary noise. However, this contribution is hardly affected by the CoM offset and according to QLT analysis the noise power does not significantly degrade the science performance.

  5. 5.

    At first glance the contributions of the apparent accelerations (i.e. the angular velocities and accelerations coupling with the CoM offset) may seem uncovered by the SST distance metrology. However, the metrology phase center is subject to the same extent to the S/C rotation (in terms of pointing with its respective lever arm to the S/C CoM), i.e. the contribution is implicitly covered. For this reason treating metrology and accelerometer budgets as fully uncorrelated leads to conservative results as there is in fact a certain degree of correlation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geodesy, University of Stuttgart, Geschwister-Scholl-Straße 24D, 70174 , Stuttgart, Germany

    Tilo Reubelt, Nico Sneeuw & Siavash Iran Pour

  2. Institute of Flight Mechanics and Control, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7a, 70569 , Stuttgart, Germany

    Marc Hirth & Walter Fichter

  3. Institute of Geodesy, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 50, 30167 , Hannover, Germany

    Jürgen Müller & Phillip Brieden

  4. German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, 14473 , Potsdam, Germany

    Frank Flechtner & Jean- Claude Raimondo

  5. Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 1, 53115 , Bonn, Germany

    Jürgen Kusche & Basem Elsaka

  6. Institute for Astronomical and Physical Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 , Munich, Germany

    Thomas Gruber & Michael Murböck

  7. Institut für Astronomische und Physikalische Geodäsie, Technische Universität München, 80290 , München, Germany

    Roland Pail

  8. SpaceTech GmbH, Seelbachstraße 21, 88090 , Immenstaad, Germany

    Bernhard Doll, Rolf Sand & Xinxing Wang

  9. Kayser-Threde GmbH, Wolfratshauser Straße 48, 81379 , Munich, Germany

    Volker Klein

  10. Menlo Systems GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 , Martinsried, Germany

    Matthias Lezius

  11. Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Callinstraße 38, 30167 , Hannover, Germany

    Karsten Danzmann, Gerhard Heinzel & Benjamin Sheard

  12. Institute for Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 , Hannover, Germany

    Ernst Rasel, Michael Gilowski & Christian Schubert

  13. TimeTech GmbH, Curiestraße 2, 70563 , Stuttgart, Germany

    Wolfgang Schäfer

  14. EADS Astrium GmbH, Claude-Dornier-Straße, 88090 , Immenstaad, Germany

    Andreas Rathke

  15. Institute of Space Systems, National Aeronautics and Space Research Centre, Robert-Hooke-Straße 7, 28359 , Bremen, Germany

    Hansjörg Dittus & Ivanka Pelivan

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Geodesy and Remote Sensing, GFZ German Research Centre for Gesoscie, Wessling, Germany

    Frank Flechtner

  2. Stuttgart University Geodetic Institute, Stuttgart, Germany

    Nico Sneeuw

  3. Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

    Wolf-Dieter Schuh

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Reubelt, T. et al. (2014). Future Gravity Field Satellite Missions. In: Flechtner, F., Sneeuw, N., Schuh, WD. (eds) Observation of the System Earth from Space - CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE and future missions. Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32135-1_21

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