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Sex Differences in Prophylaxis and Therapeutic Treatments for Viral Diseases

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Book cover Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 214))

Abstract

The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males than in females. In contrast, disease outcome can be worse for females. Males and females also differ in their responses to prophylaxis and therapeutic treatments for viral diseases. In response to vaccines against herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, influenza viruses, and others, females consistently mount higher humoral immune responses and experience more frequent and severe adverse reactions than males. Males and females also differ in the absorption, metabolism, and clearance of antiviral drugs. The pharmacological effects, including toxicity and adverse reactions, of antiviral drugs are typically greater in females than males. The efficacy of antiviral drugs at reducing viral load also differs between the sexes, with antiviral treatments being better at clearing HIV and hepatitis C virus in females, but showing greater reduction of herpes simplex virus and influenza A virus loads in males. Biological variables, including hormone and genes, as well as gender-specific factors related to access and compliance to drug regimens must be considered when evaluating male–female differences in responses to treatments for viral diseases. Clinicians, epidemiologists, and basic biomedical scientists should design experiments that include both males and females, develop a priori hypotheses that the sexes will differ in their responses to and the outcome of vaccines and antiviral treatments, and statistically analyze outcome data by sex. Knowledge that the sexes differ in response to prophylaxis and therapeutic treatments for viral diseases should influence the recommended course of treatment differently for males and females.

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Abbreviations

E2:

Estradiol

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

HBV/HCV:

Hepatitis B or C virus

P4:

Progesterone

T:

Testosterone

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  1. The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Sabra L. Klein

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Sabra L. Klein

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  1. Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Berlin, 10115, Germany

    Vera Regitz-Zagrosek

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Klein, S.L. (2013). Sex Differences in Prophylaxis and Therapeutic Treatments for Viral Diseases. In: Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (eds) Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 214. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_22

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