Abstract
In the previous chapter the comparison of the PLUREL case study regions focused on a selection of the strategies adopted in each, including Hangzhou, to try to limit sprawl and to safeguard ecosystem services and quality of life as well as to secure a role for agriculture in the peri-urban. This chapter switches focus to examine the kinds of instruments available to local or regional governments in order to see what potential there is in different regions to control land use change. The chapter looks at the broad picture of Europe and in this case ignores the Chinese case study of Hangzhou because of its completely different governmental model. Within the broad overview the case study regions are used to illustrate different points. However, it should be noted that in the framework of different systems found across Europe, the case studies do not represent all possible types (see Chap. 3).
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Notes
- 1.
Local governments are large and integrated with high level of professionalism as opposed to other countries where local governments are small—closer to the people but less able to work professionally.
- 2.
The German commuters’ tax allowance (Entfernungspauschale) is an example of subsidizing commuters’ expenses. People commuting from more than 20 km distance can reduce their taxable income, independently of the real expenses and of the transport mode (foot, bike, motorbike, public transport or car). From the ecological point of view the commuters’ tax allowance is very critical as it contributes to the spatial detachment of residence and work, i.e. work in town, live in the countryside (“Premium for urban sprawl”).
- 3.
The best known European examples of urban road pricing are London, Stockholm and Oslo, while the system introduced in Milan has a strong environmental character. In Manchester the idea for a large-scale congestion charging system was rejected in a local referendum, although a 1.5 bn GBP government fund was offered for the expansion of public transport network.
- 4.
The ABC location policy (since 1988) is designed to help reduce the growth of car travel. The policy aims to match the mobility needs of businesses and amenities with the accessibility of different locations. The core element of the ABC location policy for companies is the classification of types of locations (good or bad accessibility by public transport and by car) and types of companies (number and mobility needs of workers, visitors’ intensity, need for transport of goods). “The policy aims to locate each company on a location with an accessibility profile in accordance with its mobility characteristics” (Martens and Griethuysen 2000).
- 5.
VINEX locations refer to the Dutch planning policy, introduced in the early 1990s, aiming at locating new residential, work and recreational areas and public facilities in and as close as possible to large and medium-sized cities” (VROM 1993, pp. 6, 7, quoted in Roo 2003, p. 62, where also the critical analysis of this planning policy can be read).
- 6.
Notes taken by the author from a presentation given by N. Andrea Philipp, ICLEI Europe, at the DG Regio, 2009: EC-DG Regio Urban-rural conference, January 2009.
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The author wishes to thank Antal Gertheis and Konstantinos Lalenis for joint work on the common deliverables which served as background to this paper. Further thanks to Carmen Aalbers, Katarina Ekerberg, to the authors of the PLUREL case studies, to Dimitris Kalergis, Hanna Szemző and Dóra Illés.
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Tosics, I. (2013). Sustainable Land Use in Peri-Urban Areas: Government, Planning and Financial Instruments. In: Nilsson, K., Pauleit, S., Bell, S., Aalbers, C., Sick Nielsen, T. (eds) Peri-urban futures: Scenarios and models for land use change in Europe. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30529-0_14
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