V

Abstract

Vacancies are one sort of point → defects in solids which are vacant (empty) crystallo graphic sites in a crystal lattice. The vacancy formation may be associated with numerous factors, including thermodynamic properties of a crystal at a given temperature and total pressure (thermally activated disorder), chemical equilibration with environment, intercalation of impurities or dopant ions in the lattice (doping induced disorder), interfacial processes, external factors such as radiation and electromagnetic fields, etc.