Abstract
Ice-covered lakes form a specific environment. Seasonally ice-covered lakes are common in a wide inhabited latitudinal zone in the northern hemisphere, while perennial lake ice can be found only in some remote polar and mountain locations. The ice cover sets limitations to ecosystems in that light is absent or weak in mid-winter, oxygen is not renewed, and the water temperature is low. Also the renewal of the lake water mass and nutrients is reduced due to reduced inflows from the cold, frozen surroundings. For the society frozen lakes are safety and traffic issues, and they require specific methods for utilization of lakes and near-shore construction efforts.
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Notes
- 1.
Lake Saimaa and Ladoga seals are relicts from the time the lakes were connected to the ocean about 10,000Â years ago, later isolated due to land uplift.
- 2.
The number of quanta in one mole equals the Avogadro’s number N A = 6.022142 × 1023.
- 3.
In Finland the predicted changes in the temperature and precipitation are 3–5 °C and 10–20 %, respectively (Finnish Meteorological Institute web site www.fmi.fi, August 2014).
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Leppäranta, M. (2015). Ice-Covered Lakes Environment. In: Freezing of Lakes and the Evolution of their Ice Cover. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29081-7_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29081-7_8
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