Abstract
Successful implementation of geographic applications starts with conceptual design. A conceptual schema will then be transformed into a database schema that can be implemented. Geography Markup Language (GML) has emerged as an open standard that provides a common grammar for coding geo-spatial content and exchanging over the Internet. In this paper we discuss the transformation from Geometrically enhanced ER model (GERM) to GML. GERM is an extension of the classical ER model that has been successfully used for conceptual modelling of geographic applications. The transformation rules have been chosen such that relevant application semantics is preserved during the transformation. We further present an bottom-up algorithm for transforming GERM schemas into their GML counterparts. A case study is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Keywords
- Geographic Information System
- Transformation Rule
- Conceptual Schema
- Object Type
- Relationship Type
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
AgResearch. Farm plan prototype for SLUI, retrievable online from the New Zealand Association of Resource Management (2005), http://www.nzarm.org.nz/KinrossWholeFarmPlan_A4_200dpi_secure.pdf
Al-Kamha, R., Embley, D.W., Liddle, S.W.: Foundational data modeling and schema transformations for XML data engineering. In: UNISCON. LNBIP, vol. 5, pp. 25–36. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Buneman, P., Davidson, S., Fan, W., Hara, C., Tan, W.: Keys for XML. Computer Networks 39(5), 473–487 (2002)
Fornari, M.R., Iochpe, C.: Mapping of conceptual object oriented models to gml. In: International Conference on IADIS WWW/Internet, pp. 444–451 (2002)
Franceschet, M., Gubiani, D., Montanari, A., Piazza, C.: From Entity Relationship to XML Schema: A Graph-Theoretic Approach. In: Bellahsène, Z., Hunt, E., Rys, M., Unland, R. (eds.) XSym 2009. LNCS, vol. 5679, pp. 165–179. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Franceschet, M., Montanari, A., Gubiani, D.: Modeling and validating spatio-temporal conceptual schemas in XML schema. In: International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Application – DEXA, pp. 25–29. IEEE (2007)
Frank, A.U.: Map Algebra Extended with Functors for Temporal Data. In: Akoka, J., Liddle, S.W., Song, I.-Y., Bertolotto, M., Comyn-Wattiau, I., van den Heuvel, W.-J., Kolp, M., Trujillo, J., Kop, C., Mayr, H.C. (eds.) ER Workshops 2005. LNCS, vol. 3770, pp. 194–207. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Hadzilacos, T., Tryfona, N.: An extended entity-relationship model for geographic applications. SIGMOD Record 26(3), 24–29 (1997)
Hartmann, S., Köhler, H., Link, S., Trinh, T., Wang, J.: On the Notion of an XML Key. In: Schewe, K.-D., Thalheim, B. (eds.) SDKB 2008. LNCS, vol. 4925, pp. 103–112. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Hartmann, S., Link, S.: Efficient reasoning about a robust XML key fragment. ACM Transactions on Database Systems 34(2) (2009)
Hora, A.C., Davis Jr., C.A., Moro, M.M.: Generating XML/GML schemas from geographic conceptual schemas. In: Foundations of Data Management, Alberto Mendelzon International Workshop – AMW (2010)
Hull, R., King, R.: Semantic database modeling: Survey, applications, and research issues. ACM Computing Surveys 19(3), 201–260 (1987)
Ishikawa, Y., Kitagawa, H.: Source Description-Based Approach for the Modeling of Spatial Information Integration. In: Kunii, H.S., Jajodia, S., Sølvberg, A. (eds.) ER 2001. LNCS, vol. 2224, pp. 41–55. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Kleiner, C., Lipeck, U.W.: Automatic generation of XML DTDs from conceptual database schemas. In: GI Jahrestagung, pp. 396–405 (2001)
Krumbein, T., Kudrass, T.: Rule-based generation of XML schemas from UML class diagrams. In: Berliner XML Tage, pp. 213–227 (2003)
Li, Y., Lu, J., Guan, J., Fan, M., Haggag, A., Yahagi, T.: GML topology data storage schema design. Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 11(6), 701–708 (2007)
Link, S., Trinh, T.: Know your limits: Enhanced XML modeling with cardinality constraints. In: Conceptual Modeling – ER Tutorials. CRPIT, vol. 83, pp. 19–30. Australian Computer Society (2007)
Liu, C., Li, J.: Designing Quality XML Schemas from E-R Diagrams. In: Yu, J.X., Kitsuregawa, M., Leong, H.-V. (eds.) WAIM 2006. LNCS, vol. 4016, pp. 508–519. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Ma, H.: A geometrically enhanced conceptual model and query language. Journal of Universal Computer Science 16(20), 2986–3015 (2010)
Ma, H., Schewe, K.-D., Thalheim, B.: Geometrically Enhanced Conceptual Modelling. In: Laender, A.H.F., Castano, S., Dayal, U., Casati, F., de Oliveira, J.P.M. (eds.) ER 2009. LNCS, vol. 5829, pp. 219–233. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Mackay, A.: Specifications of whole farm plans as a tool for affecting land use change to reduce risk to extreme climatic events. AgResearch (2007)
OpenGIS Consortium. OGC Standards and Specifications
Pigozzo, P., Quintarelli, E.: An algorithm for generating XML schemas from ER schemas. In: Advanced Database Systems, Italian Symposium – SEBD, pp. 192–199 (2005)
Price, R., Tryfona, N., Jensen, C.S.: Modeling Topological Constraints in Spatial Part-Whole Relationships. In: Kunii, H.S., Jajodia, S., Sølvberg, A. (eds.) ER 2001. LNCS, vol. 2224, pp. 27–40. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Shekhar, S., Coyle, M., Liu, D.-R., Goyal, B., Sarkar, S.: Data models in geographic information systems. Communications of the ACM 40(4), 103–111 (1997)
Shekhar, S., Vatsavai, R.R., Chawla, S., Burk, T.E.: Spatial Pictogram Enhanced Conceptual Data Models and Their Translation to Logical Data Models. In: Agouris, P., Stefanidis, A. (eds.) ISD 1999. LNCS, vol. 1737, pp. 77–104. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Thalheim, B.: Entity Relationship Modeling - Foundations of Database Technology. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ma, H. (2012). Transforming Geometrically Enhanced Conceptual Model Schemas to GML. In: Düsterhöft, A., Klettke, M., Schewe, KD. (eds) Conceptual Modelling and Its Theoretical Foundations. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7260. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28279-9_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28279-9_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-28278-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-28279-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)
