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Applied Physiology in Intensive Care Medicine 2 pp 111–120Cite as

Permissive hypercapnia — role in protective lung ventilatory strategies

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Abstract

‘Permissive hypercapnia’ is an inherent element of accepted protective lung ventilation. However, there are no clinical data evaluating the efficacy of hypercapnia per se, independent of ventilator strategy. In the absence of such data, it is necessary to determine whether the potential exists for an active role for hypercapnia, distinct from the demonstrated benefits of reduced lung stretch. In this review, we consider four key issues. First, we consider the evidence that protective lung ventilatory strategies improve survival and we explore current paradigms regarding the mechanisms underlying these effects. Second, we examine whether hypercapnic acidosis may have effects that are additive to the effects of protective ventilation. Third, we consider whether direct elevation of CO2, in the absence of protective ventilation, is beneficial or deleterious. Fourth, we address the current evidence regarding the buffering of hypercapnic acidosis in ARDS. These perspectives reveal that the potential exists for hypercapnia to exert beneficial effects in the clinical context. Direct administration of CO2 is protective in multiple models of acute lung and systemic injury. Nevertheless, several specific concerns remain regarding the safety of hypercapnia. At present, protective ventilatory strategies that involve hypercapnia are clinically acceptable, provided the clinician is primarily targeting reduced tidal stretch. There are insufficient clinical data to suggest that hypercapnia per se should be independently induced, nor do outcome data exist to support the practice of buffering hypercapnic acidosis. Rapidly advancing basic scientific investigations should better delineate the advantages, disadvantages, and optimal use of hypercapnia in ARDS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anaesthesia, University College Hospital, Galway and Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

    John G. Laffey

  2. Department of Physiology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Donall O’Croinin & Paul McLoughlin

  3. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Brian P. Kavanagh

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  1. John G. Laffey
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  2. Donall O’Croinin
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  3. Paul McLoughlin
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  4. Brian P. Kavanagh
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife Hall 606 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA

    Michael R. Pinsky MD

  2. Dept. Intensive Care Medicine, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 51 av. Maréchal Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, CX, France

    Laurent Brochard MD

  3. Dept. Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital de Sant Pau, Avda. S. Antonio M. Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain

    Jordi Mancebo MD

  4. General Intensive Care Unit, Università Cattolica des Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy

    Massimo Antonelli

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© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Laffey, J.G., O’Croinin, D., McLoughlin, P., Kavanagh, B.P. (2012). Permissive hypercapnia — role in protective lung ventilatory strategies. In: Pinsky, M.R., Brochard, L., Mancebo, J., Antonelli, M. (eds) Applied Physiology in Intensive Care Medicine 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28233-1_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28233-1_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-28232-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-28233-1

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