Abstract
This article attempts to resolve the age-old conflict of determinism and free will. The problem is approached from two directions: biological information processing and physical determinism at the ontological and the epistemological levels. It is shown that biological information processing is neither absolutely deterministic nor completely random. It is shown that Laplace’s determinism can neither be proved nor disproved and is, therefore, an epistemological choice. It is further shown that a) Boltzmann’s statistical mechanics is irreconcilable with Newtonian mechanics, contrary to Boltzmann’s own claim, b) microscopic reversibility cannot possibly give rise to macroscopic irreversibility, c) Zermelo’s recurrence paradox and Loschmidt’s velocity-reversal paradox are valid arguments against Boltzmann’s claim, and d) in breaking the tie with Newtonian mechanics, Boltzmann was actually the hero that had freed us from the bondage of absolute physical determinism. Last but not least, it is impossible to design a scientific experiment to test the existence or non-existence of free will because of the impossibility to maintain the required homogeneity of human test samples. However, individuals who believe in the existence of free will have a more consistent worldview than non-believers. If free will does not exist, it is futile and meaningless to attempt to convince others that free will does not exist.
Dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Michael Conrad of Wayne State University.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
van Inwagen, P.: An Essay on Free Will. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1983)
Goldman, A.: Action and free will. In: Osherson, D.N., Kosslynand, S.M., Hollerbach, J.M. (eds.) An Invitation to Cognitive Science. Visual Cognition and Action, vol. 2, pp. 317–340. MIT Press, Cambridge (1990)
Walter, H.: Neurophilosophy of Free Will: From Libertarian Illusions to a Concept of Natural Autonomy (translated by C. Klohr). MIT Press, Cambridge (2001); Original German version: Neurophilosophie der Willensfreiheit, 2nd edn. Mentis Verlag, Paderborn (1999)
Brembs, B.: Toward a scientific concept of free will as a biological trait: spontaneous actions and decision-making in invertebrates. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 930–939 (2011)
Koch, C., Tononi, G.: Can machines be conscious? IEEE Spectrum (North American Ed.) 45(6), 54–59 (2008)
Manzotti, R.: Machine free will: Is free will a necessary ingredient of machine consciousness? Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 718, 181–191 (2011)
Cary, P.: A brief history of the concept of free will: issues that are and are not germane to legal reasoning. Behav. Sci. Law 25(2), 165–181 (2007)
Urbaniok, F., Laubacher, A., Hardegger, J., Rossegger, A., Endrass, J., Moskvitin, K.: Neurobiological determinism: human freedom of choice and criminal responsibility. Int. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol. (February 28, 2011) [Epub ahead of print]
Morse, S.J.: The non-problem of free will in forensic psychiatry and psychology. Behav. Sci. Law 25(2), 203–220 (2007)
Wallwork, E.: Determinism, free will, compatibilism. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 45(1), 307–314 (1997)
Gomes, G.: Free will, the self, and the brain. Behav. Sci. Law 25(2), 221–234 (2007)
Laplace, P.S. (marquis de): Essai philosophique sur les probabilities. Gauthier-Villars, Paris (1814). English translation: A Philosophical Essay on Probabilités, translated from the 6th French edition by F.W. Truscott and F.L. Emory. Dover, New York (1951)
Conrad, M.: Molecular computing. In: Yovits, M.C. (ed.) Advances in Computers, vol. 31, pp. 235–324. Academic Press, Boston (1990)
Hong, F.T.: Control laws in the mesoscopic processes of biocomputing. In: Holcombe, M., Paton, R. (eds.) Information Processing in Cells and Tissues, pp. 227–242. Plenum, New York (1998)
Hong, F.T.: A multi-disciplinary survey of biocomputing: Part 1: molecular and cellular aspects. In: Bajic, V.B., Tan, T.W. (eds.) Information Processing and Living Systems, pp. 1–139. Imperial College Press, London (2005)
Hong, F.T.: A multi-disciplinary survey of biocomputing: Part 2: systems and evolutionary aspects, and technological applications. In: Bajic, V.B., Tan, T.W. (eds.) Information Processing and Living Systems, pp. 141–573. Imperial College Press, London (2005)
Sigworth, F.J., Neher, E.: Single Na + channel currents observed in cultured rat muscle cells. Nature 287, 447–449 (1980)
Hodgkin, A.L., Huxley, A.F.: A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J. Physiol. 117, 500–544 (1952)
Lewis, E.R., MaGregor, R.J.: On indeterminism, chaos, and small number particle systems in the brain. J. Integr. Neurosci. 5(2), 223–247 (2006)
Hong, F.T.: Towards physical dynamic tolerance: an approach to resolve the conflict between free will and physical determinism. BioSystem 68, 85–105 (2003)
Schrödinger, E.: What is Life?: The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1945)
Schrödinger, E.: Indeterminism and free will. Nature, 13–14 (July 4, 1936)
Bricmont, J.: Science of chaos or chaos in science? In: Gross, P.R., Levitt, N., Lewis, M.W. (eds.) The Flight from Science and Reason, Annal. NY Acad. Sci., vol. 775, pp. 131–175. New York Academy of Sciences, New York (1996)
Angelopoulos, A., Apostolakis, A., Aslanides, E., Baekenstoss, G., Bargassa, P., Behnke, O., Benelli, A., Bertin, V., Blanc, F., Bloch, P., Carlson, P., Carroll, M., Cawley, E., Charalambous, S., Chertok, M.B., Danielsson, M., Dejardin, M., Derre, J., Ealet, A., Eleftheriadis, C., Faravel, L., Fetscher, W., Fidecaro, M., Filipcic, A., Francis, D., Fry, J., Gabathuler, E., Gamet, R., Gerber, H.J., Go, A., Haselden, A., Hayman, P.J., Henry-Couannier, F., Hollander, R.W., Jon-And, K., Kettle, P.-R., Kokkas, P., Kreuger, R., Le Gae, R., Leimgruber, F., Mandie, I., Manthos, N., Marel, G., Mikuz, M., Miller, J., Montanet, F., Muller, A., Nakada, T., Pagels, B., Papadopoulos, I., Pavlopoulos, P., Policarpo, A., Polivka, G., Rickenbach, R., Roberts, B.L., Ruf, T., Santoni, C., Schafer, M., Schaller, L.A., Schietinger, T., Schopper, A., Tauscher, L., Thibault, C., Touchard, F., Touramanis, C., Van Eijk, C.W.E., Vlachos, S., Veber, P., Wigger, O., Wolter, M., Zavrtanik, D., Zimmerman, D.: First direct observation of time-reversal non-invariance in the neutral-kaon system. Phys. Lett. B444, 43–51 (1998)
Schulman, L.S.: Time’s Arrows and Quantum Measurement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1997)
Brush, S.G.: The Kind of Motion We Call Heat: A History of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in the 19th Century. In: Book 2: Statistical Physics and Irreversible Processes, North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam (1976)
Prigogine, I.: The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature. Free Press, New York (1997)
Matsuno, K.: Protobiology: Physical Basis of Biology. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1989)
Cottingham, J. (ed.): Western Philosophy: An Anthology. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford (1996)
Ruelle, D.: Chance and Chaos. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1991)
Velmans, M.: Is human information processing conscious? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14, 651–726 (1991)
Hong, F.T.: The enigma of creative problem solving: a biocomputing perspective. In: Barsanti, L., Evangelista, V., Gualtieri, P., Passarelli, V., Vestri, S. (eds.) Molecular Electronics: Bio-sensors and Bio-computers, pp. 457–542. Kluwer Scientific Publishers, Dordrecht (2003)
Hong, F.T.: The enigma of human creativity: Hidden messages from Nikola Tesla’s Moji Pronalasci. In: Halaši, R.J., Ćosić, I.P., Halaši, T.J. (eds.) Naš Tesla (Our Tesla), Technical Science Monograph, vol. 18, pp. 127–176. University of Novi Sad Faculty of Technical Science, and Society for the Promotion of Science Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia (2006) (in English)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hong, F.T. (2012). On Microscopic Irreversibility and Non-deterministic Chaos: Resolving the Conflict between Determinism and Free Will. In: Simeonov, P., Smith, L., Ehresmann, A. (eds) Integral Biomathics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28111-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28111-2_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-28110-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-28111-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)