Abstract
Controlling surface plasmons is at the heart of plasmonics. Advances in this field are to a large extent triggered by our ability to visualize surface plasmons in their different forms. In this chapter, we provide a review of the different techniques capable of imaging and visualizing surface plasmons. We have divided these techniques in three distinct families: proximal probe techniques, far-field microscopies, and electron imaging. We review here their principal characteristics, advantages, and limitations and illustrate the discussion with images taken from the literature.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
H. Raether, Excitation of Plasmons and Interband Transitions by Electrons, Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, vol. 88 (Springer, Berlin, 1980)
H. Raether, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings, Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, vol. 111 (Springer, New York, 1988)
U. Kreibig, M. Vollmer, Optical properties of metal clusters (Springer, Berlin, 1995)
E. Kretschmann, H. Raether, Z. Naturforsch. 23a, 2135 (1968)
A. Otto, Z. Angew. Phys. 27, 207 (1968)
M. Rocca, Surf. Sci. Rep. 22, 1 (1995)
S. Bozhevolnyi, F. Pudin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2923 (1997)
A. Bouhelier, T. Huser, H. Tamaru, H.J. Güntherodt, D.W. Pohl, F.I. Baida, D.V. Labeke, Phys. Rev. B 63, 155404 (2001)
J.C. Weeber, J.R. Krenn, A. Dereux, B. Lamprecht, Y. Lacroute, J.P. Goudonnet, Phys. Rev. B 64, 045411 (2001)
R. Hillenbrand, F. Keilmann, Appl. Phys. B Lasers Optics 73, 239 (2001)
A. Bouhelier, M. Beversluis, L. Novotny, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4596 (2003)
T.H. Taminiau, F.D. Stefani, F.B. Segerink, N.F. van Hulst, Nat. Phot. 2, 234 (2008)
M. Schnell, A. Garcia-Etxarri, A.J. Huber, K. Crozier, J. Aizpurua, R. Hillenbrand, Nat. Photo. 3, 287 (2009)
A. Kubo, N. Pontius, H. Petek, Nano Lett. 7, 470 (2007)
M. Stockmann, M. Kling, U. Kleineberg, F. Krausz, Nat. Phot. 1, 539 (2007)
M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, D. Bayer, T. Brixner, F.J.G. de Abajo, W. Pfeiffer, M. Rohmer, C. Spindler, F. Steeb, Nature 446, 301 (2007)
P. Dawson, F. de Fornel, J.P. Goudonnet, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2927 (1994)
D. Pohl, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 362, 701 (2004)
L. Novotny, Progress in Optics. in The History of Near-field Optics (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007), pp. 137–184.
O. Marti, H. Bielefeldt, B. Hecht, S. Herminghaus, P. Leiderer, J. Mlynek, Opt. Comm. 96, 225 (1993)
M.A. Paesler, P.J. Moyer, Near-Field Optics: Theory, Instrumentation, and Applications (Wiley, New York, 1996)
L. Novotny, B. Hecht, Principles of Nano-Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006)
I. Horcas, R. Fernández, J.M. Gómez-Rodríguez, J. Colchero, J.M. Gómez-Rodríguez, A.M. Baro, Rev. Sci. Instr. 78, 013705 (2007)
K. Karrai, D.R. Grober, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 1842 (1995)
S.I. Bozhevolnyi, Phys. Rev. B 54, 8177–8185 (1996)
B. Lamprecht, J.R. Krenn, G. Schider, H. Ditlbacher, M. Salerno, N. Felidj, A. Leitner, F.R. Aussenegg, J. Weeber, App. Phys. Lett. 79, 51 (2001)
J.C. Weeber, Y. Lacroute, A. Dereux, Phys. Rev. B 68, 115401 (2003)
R. Zia, A. Chandran, M.L. Brongersma, Opt. Lett. 30, 1473–1475 (2005)
J.C. Weeber, M.U. González, A.L. Baudrion, A. Dereux, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 221101 (2005)
M. Sandtke, L. Kuipers, Nat. Phot. 1, 573 (2007)
R. Hillenbrand, F. Keilmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3029 (2000)
M. Sandtke, R.J.P. Engelen, H. Schoenmaker, I. Attema, H. Dekker, I. Cerjak, J.P. Korterik, F.B. Segerink, L. Kuipers, Rev. Sci. Instr. 79, 013704 (2008)
E. Verhagen, M. Spasenovic, A. Polman, L. Kuipers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 203904 (2009)
G.P. Wiederrecht, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 28, 3 (2004)
A. Bouhelier, A. Hartschuh, L. Novotny, Microscopy for Nanotechnology. in Near-Field Optical Microscopy in the Nanosciences (Springer, Berlin, 2004)
K. Imura, T. Nagahara, H. Okamoto, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 16344 (2004)
A. Dereux, C. Girard, J.-Cl. Weeber, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 7775 (2000)
R. Hillenbrand, F. Keilmann, P. Hanarp, D.S. Sutherland, J. Aizpurua, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 368 (2003)
J. Dorfmüller, R. Vogelgesang, R. Weitz, C. Rockstuhl, C. Etrich, T. Pertsch, F. Lederer, K. Kern, Nano Lett. 9, 2372 (2009)
S. Grésillon, L. Aigouy, A.C. Boccara, J.C. Rivoal, X. Quelin, C. Desmarest, P. Gadenne, V.A. Shubin, A.K. Sarychev, V.M. Shalaev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4520 (1999)
F. Keilmann, R. Hillenbrand, Nano-Optics and Near-Field Optical Microscopy. in Near-Field Nanoscopy by Elastic Light Scattering from a Tip (ArtechHouse, Boston, 2009), pp. 235–265
U. Fischer, D. Pohl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 458 (1989)
Y.D. Wilde, F. Formanek, R. Carminati, B. Gralak, P.A. Lemoine, K. Joulain, J.P. Mulet, Y. Chen, J.J. Greffet, Nature 444, 740 (2006)
M.M. Alkaisi, R.J. Blaikie, S.J. McNab, Adv. Mat. 13, 877 (2001)
Y. Gilbert, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, A. Bouhelier, G.P. Wiederrecht, L. Novotny, Opt. Lett. 31, 613 (2006)
T. Grosjean, D. Courjon, Opt. Exp. 14, 2203 (2006)
C. Hubert, R. Bachelot, J. Plain, S. Kostcheev, G. Lerondel, M. Juan, P. Royer, S. Zou, G.C. Schatz, G.P. Wiederrecht, S.K. Gray, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 4111 (2008)
C. Hubert, A. Rumyantseva, G. Lerondel, J. Grand, S. Kostcheev, L. Billot, A. Vial, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, S. Chang, S.K. Gray, G.P. Wiederrecht, G.C. Schatz, Nano Lett. 5, 615 (2005)
M.L. Juan, J. Plain, R. Bachelot, A. Vial, P. Royer, S.K. Gray, J.M. Montgomer, G.P. Wiederrecht, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 4647–4651 (2009)
A. Sundaramurthy, P.J. Schuck, N.R. Conley, D.P. Fromm, G.S. Kino, W.E. Moerner, Nano Lett. 6, 355 (2006)
H. Ibn El Ahrach, R. Bachelot, A. Vial, G. Lerondel, J. Plain, P. Royer, O. Soppera, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 107402 (2007)
M.L. Juan, J. Plain, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, S.K. Gray, G.P. Wiederrecht, ACS Nano 3, 1573 (2009)
B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, L. Novotny, Y. Inouye, D.W. Pohl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1889 (1996)
A. Drezet, A. Hohenau, D. Koller, A. Stepanov, H. Ditlbacher, B. Steinberger, F.R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, J.R. Krenn, Mat. Sci. Eng. B 149, 220 (2008)
H. Simon, J. Guha, Opt. Comm. 18, 391 (1976)
H. Kano, D. Nomura, H. Shibuya, App. Opt. 43, 2409 (2004)
A. Bouhelier, G.P. Wiederrecht, Opt. Lett. 30, 884 (2005)
A. Giannattasio, W.L. Barnes, Opt. Exp. 13, 428 (2005)
I. Gryczynski, J. Malicka, W. Jiang, H. Fischer, W.C.W. Chan, Z. Gryczynski, W. Grudzinski, J.R. Lakowicz, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 1088 (2005)
A. Drezet, A. Hohenau, A.L. Stepanov, H. Ditlbacher, B. Steinberger, N. Galler, F.R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, J.R. Krenn, App. Phys. Lett. 89, 091117 (2006)
M.U. Gonzàlez, A.L. Stepanov, J.C. Weeber, A. Hohenau, A. Dereux, R. Quidant, J.R. Krenn, Opt. Lett. 32, 2704 (2007)
J. Grandidier, S. Massenot, G. Colas des Francs, A. Bouhelier, J.C. Weeber, L. Markey, A. Dereux, J. Renger, M.U. González, R. Quidant, Phys. Rev. B 78, 245419 (2008)
J. Grandidier, G. Colas des Francs, S. Massenot, A. Bouhelier, J.C. Weeber, L. Markey, A. Dereux, J. Micros. 239, 167 (2010)
D. Marcuse, Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides (Academic Press, Boston, 1991)
R. Zia, M.S. Schuller, M.L. Brongersma, Phys. Rev. B 71, 165431 (2005)
T. Holmgaard, S.I. Bozhevolnyi, Phys. Rev. B 75, 245405 (2007)
J. Grandidier, G. Colas des Francs, L. Markey, A. Bouhelier, S. Massenot, J.C. Weeber, A. Dereux, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 063105 (2010)
J.A. Kong, Electromagnetic Wave Theory (Wiley, New York, 1986)
J. Grandidier, Guide plasmonique polymère-métal: Composants passifs et actifs pour la photonique intégrée. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Bourgogne (2009)
E. Anemogiannis, E.N. Glytsis, T.K. Gaylord, J. Light. Tech. 17, 929 (1999)
G. Colas des Francs, J. Grandidier, S. Massenot, A. Bouhelier, J. Weeber, A. Dereux, Phys. Rev. B 80, 115419 (2009)
A. Hohenau, J.R. Krenn, A. Stepanov, A. Drezet, H. Ditlbacher, B. Steinberger, A. Leitner, F. Aussenegg, Opt. Lett. 30, 893 (2005)
J.W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (McGraw-Hill Publishing, New York, 1988)
B. Steinberger, A. Hohenau, H. Ditlbacher, A.L. Stepanov, A. Drezet, F.R. Aussenegg, A. Leitner, J.R. Krenn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 94104 (2006)
I. Gryczynski, J. Malicka, Z. Gryczynski, J.R. Lakowicz, Anal. Biochem. 324, 170 (2005)
I. Gryczynski, J. Malicka, Z. Gryczynski, J.R. Lakowicz, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 12568 (2004)
J.R. Lakowicz, Anal. Biochem. 337, 171 (2005)
J. Zhang, Z. Gryczynski, J.R. Lakowicz, Chem. Phys. Lett. 393, 483 (2004)
J. Grandidier, G. Colas des Francs, S. Massenot, A. Bouhelier, L. Markey, J. Weeber, C. Finot, A. Dereux, Nano Lett. 9, 2935 (2009)
A. Krishnan, S.P. Frisbie, L. Grave de Peralta, A.A. Bernussi, App. Phys. Lett. 96, 111104 (3 pages) (2010)
H. Ditlbacher, J.R. Krenn, N. Felidj, B. Lamprecht, G. Schider, M. Salerno, A. Leitner, F.R. Aussenegg, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 404 (2002)
C. Sönnichsen, Plasmons in metal nanostructures. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (2001)
A. Murray, W. Barnes, Adv. Mat. 19, 3771 (2007)
J.J. Mock, S.J. Oldenburg, D.R. Smith, D.A. Schultz, S. Schultz, Nano Lett. 2, 465 (2002)
S. Yang, H. Kobori, C.L. He, M.H. Lin, H.Y. Chen, C. Li, M. Kanehara, T. Teranishi, S. Gwo, Nano Lett. 10, 632–637 (2010)
M.A.V. Dijk, M. Lippitz, M. Orrit, Acc. Chem. Res. 38, 594 (2005)
A. Arbouet, D. Christofilos, N.D. Fatti, F. Vallée, J.R. Huntzinger, L. Arnaud, P. Billaud, M. Broyer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 127401 (2004)
O.L. Muskens, N.D. Fatti, F. Vallée, J.R. Huntzinger, P. Billaud, M. Broyer, App. Phys. Lett. 88, 063109 (2006)
K. Lindfors, T. Kalkbrenner, P. Stoller, V. Sandoghdar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 037401 (2004)
D. Boyer, P. Tamarat, A. Maali, B. Lounis, M. Orrit, Science 297, 1160 (2002)
S. Berciaud, L. Cognet, P. Tamarat, B. Lounis, Nano Lett. 5, 515 (2005)
C. Huang, A. Bouhelier, G. Colas des Francs, A. Bruyant, A. Guenot, J.C. Weeber, A. Dereux, Phys. Rev. B 78, 155407 (2008)
W. Lukosz, R.E. Kunz, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 1615 (1977)
L. Novotny, J.J. Opt, Soc. Am. 14, 91 (1997)
H.F. Arnoldus, J.T. Foley, Opt. Lett. 28, 1299 (2003)
G.T. Boyd, Z.H. Yu, Y.R. Shen, Phys. Rev. B 33, 7923 (1986)
J.P. Wilcoxon, J.E. Martin, F. Parsapour, B. Wiedenman, D.F. Kelley, J. Chem. Phys. 108, 9137 (1998)
M.R. Beversluis, A. Bouhelier, L. Novotny, Phys. Rev. B 68, 115433 (2003)
E. Dulkeith, T. Niedereichholz, T.A. Klar, J. Feldmann, G. von Plessen, D.I. Gittins, K.S. Mayya, F. Caruso, Phys. Rev. B 70, 205424 (2004)
A. Bouhelier, R. Bachelot, G. Lerondel, S. Kostcheev, P. Royer, G.P. Wiederrecht, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 267405 (2005)
P. Mühlschlegel, H.J. Eisler, O.J.F. Martin, B. Hecht, D.W. Pohl, Science 308, 1607 (2005)
P. Ghenuche, S. Cherukulappurath, T.H. Taminiau, N.F. van Hulst, R. Quidant, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 116805 (2008)
W. Zhang, H. Fischer, T. Schmid, R. Zenobi, O.J.F. Martin, J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 14672–14675 (2009)
R.H. Ritchie, Phys. Rev. 106, 874 (1957)
C. Powell, J. Swan, Phys. Rev. 115, 869 (1959)
D.B. Williams, C.B. Carter, Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (Springer, New York, 2009)
R. Egerton, Rep. Prog. Phys. 72, 016502 (2009)
F.J. García de Abajo, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 209 (2010)
T. Nagao, T. Hildebrandt, M. Henzler, S. Hasegawa, Science 493, 680 (2001)
T. Nagao, S. Yaginuma, T. Inaoka, T. Sakurai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 116802 (2006)
K. Kimoto, T. Asaka, T. Nagai, M. Saito, Y. Matsui, K. Ishizuka, Nature 450, 702 (2007)
C. Colliex, Nature 450, 622 (2007)
R. Pettit, J. Silcox, R. Vincent, Phys. Rev. B 11, 3116 (1975)
D. Ugarte, C. Colliex, P. Trebbia, Phys. Rev. B 45, 4332 (1992)
J. Nelayah, M. Kociak, O. Stephan, F.J. García de Abajo, M. Tence, L. Henrard, D. Taverna, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L.M. Liz-Marzàn, C. Colliex, Nat. Phys. 3, 348 (2007)
M.W. Chu, V. Myroshnychenko, C.H. Chen, J.P. Deng, C.Y. Mou, F.J. García de Abajo, Nano Lett. 9, 399 (2009)
B. Schaffer, U. Hohesnester, A. Trügler, F. Hofer, Phys. Rev. B 79, 041401(R) (2009)
J. Nelayah, L. Gu, C. Koch, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L. Liz-Marzàn, P. van Aken, Opt. Lett. 34, 1003 (2009)
F. García de Abajo, M. Kociak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 106804 (2008)
F.J. García de Abajo, J. Aizpurua, Phys. Rev. B 56, 15873 (1997)
C. Girard, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 1883 (2005)
J. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 1998)
G. Colas des Francs, C. Girard, J.C. Weeber, C. Chicanne, T. David, A. Dereux, D. Peyrade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4950 (2001)
G. Colas des Francs, C. Girard, J.C. Weeber, A. Dereux, Chem. Phys. Lett. 345, 512 (2001)
G. Lévêque, G. Colas des Francs, C. Girard, J.C. Weeber, C. Meier, C. Robilliard, R. Mathevet, J. Weiner, Phys. Rev. E 65, 36701 (2002)
K. Joulain, R. Carminati, J.-P. Mullet, J.-J. Greffet, Phys. Rev. B 68, 245405 (2003)
C. Girard, O. Martin, G. Lévêque, G. Colas des Francs, A. Dereux, Chem. Phys. Lett. 404, 44 (2005)
G. Colas des Francs, C. Girard, A. Dereux, J. Chem. Phys. 117, 4659 (2002)
U. Hohenester, H. Ditlbacher, J.R. Krenn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 106801 (2009)
J.J. Cha, Z. Yu, E. Smith, M. Couillard, S. Fan, D.A. Muller, Phys. Rev. B 81, 113102 (2010)
C. Chen, J. Silcox, R. Vincent, Phys. Rev. B 12, 64 (1975)
N. Yamamoto, K. Araya, F.J. García de Abajo, Phys. Rev. B 64, 205419 (2001)
M. Kuttge, E.J.R. Vesseur, A.F. Koenderink, H.J. Lezec, H.A. Atwater, F.J. García de Abajo, A. Polman, Phys. Rev. B 79, 113405 (2009)
C. Chicanne, T. David, R. Quidant, J.C. Weeber, Y. Lacroute, E. Bourillot, A. Dereux, G. Colas des Francs, C. Girard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 97402 (2002)
E.J.R. Vesseur, R. de Waele, M. Kuttge, A. Polman, Nano Lett. 7, 2843 (2007)
R. Gómez-Medina, N. Yamamoto, M. Nakano, F.J. García de Abajo, New J. Phys. 10, 105009 (2008)
M. Cinchetti, A. Gloskovskii, S.A. Nepjiko, G. Schonhense, H. Rochholz, M. Kreiter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 047601 (2005)
L. Douillard, F. Charra, C. Fiorini, P. Adam, R. Bachelot, S. Kostcheev, G. Lerondel, M. Lamy de la Chapelle, P. Royer, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 083518 (2007)
L. Douillard, F. Charra, Z. Korczak, R. Bachelot, S. Kostcheev, G. Lerondel, P.M. Adam, P. Royer, Nano Lett. 8, 935 (2008)
A. Kubo, K. Onda, H.P.Z. Sun, Y.S. Jung, H.K. Kim, Nano Lett. 5, 1123 (2005)
B. Barwick, D.J. Flannigan, A.H. Zewail, Nature 462, 902 (2009)
F.J. García de Abajo, A. Asenjo-Garcia, M. Kociak, Nano Lett. 10, 1859 (2010)
F.J. García de Abajo, Nature 462, 861 (2009)
F. García de Abajo, M. Kociak, New J. Phys. 10, 073035 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bouhelier, A., Francs, G.C.d., Grandidier, J. (2012). Imaging Surface Plasmons. In: Enoch, S., Bonod, N. (eds) Plasmonics. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 167. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28079-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28079-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-28078-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-28079-5
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)