Abstract
From an air navigation perspective, Annex 16 (Volumes I and II) deals with the protection of the environment from the effect of aircraft noise and aircraft engine emissions—two topics hardly thought about when the Chicago Convention was signed. Aircraft noise was already of concern during the formative years of ICAO, but it was then limited to the noise caused by propellers whose tips rotated at speeds approaching that of sound. This concern increased with the introduction of the first generation jet aeroplanes in the early 1960s and accelerated with the growth in the number of jet aircraft in international operations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
See Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Second Ed. 1988 Vol 1 Foreword.
- 2.
See Airport Planning Manual Doc 9184—AN 902 Part 2, 13.2.
- 3.
Id. 2.1.3.
- 4.
Id. 2.2.1.
- 5.
Id. 2.4.1.
- 6.
Id. 2.5.2.
- 7.
Id. 4.3.1.
- 8.
Id. 2.6.1.
- 9.
See Assembly Resolutions in Force (as of 6 October 1989), ICAO Doc 9558 at II-18.
- 10.
For more details on CAEP see Mortimer (1992) at 6.
- 11.
Jha (2006) at 4.
- 12.
It must be borne in mind that this is a conceptual design and there are many technological barriers that need to be overcome to introduce these technologies into commercial use. Experts at Cambridge University have outlined challenges such as developing the strong composite materials needed to produce the oval-shaped hull and improving modern jet engines to work with the SAX-40 design. However, These challenges can be overcome and work is progressing within the Silent Aircraft Initiative.
- 13.
Air Travel, Greener by Design, the Challenge, see http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Previous_Rounds/Foresight_1999__2002/Defence_Aerospace_and_Systems/Reports/Air%20Travel%20Challenge/The_Challenge.pdf.
- 14.
Supra, note 6 in Chap. 1.
- 15.
Nogoye Thiam and Balgis Osman-Elsha, The African Development Bank and Climate Change Mitigation in Africa, Aviation and Climate Change—ICAO Environmental Report, at 213–215.
- 16.
Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, Financing Bio fuels in Latin America and the Caribbean, Aviation and Climate Change—ICAO Environment Report 2010, 210–212 at 210.
- 17.
Boeing (2011), 283 at 6.
- 18.
Greenhouse gases are components of the atmosphere and contribute to the Greenhouse Effect. Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Certain human activities add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases.
- 19.
The Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Climate Change Convention) was held from 1 to 11 December 1997 at Kyoto, Japan. Significantly the States parties to the Convention adopted a protocol (Kyoto Protocol) on 11 December 1997 under which industrialized countries have agreed to reduce their collective emissions of six greenhouse gases by at least 5% by 2008–2012. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an amendment to the international treaty on climate change, assigning mandatory emission limitations for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the signatory nations. Article 1 (a) (v) of the Protocol calls each State Party to achieve progressive or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and application of market instruments. See Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.1. See also, Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, (1998) 37 ILM 22.
- 20.
The Clean Development Mechanism allows a developed State with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction credits, each equivalent to 1Â t of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets. See http://www.icao.int/icao/fr/env2010/ClimateChange/Finance_f.htm.
- 21.
Investing in Climate Change – An Asset Management Perspective, Deutsche Asset Management, October 2000 at 2 and 11.
- 22.
The IPCC is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The IPCC was established to provide the decision-makers and others interested in climate change with an objective source of information about climate change. The IPCC does not conduct any research nor does it monitor climate related data or parameters. Its role is to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the latest scientific, technical and socio-economic literature produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change, its observed and projected impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. IPCC reports should be neutral with respect to policy, although they need to deal objectively with policy relevant scientific, technical and socio economic factors. They should be of high scientific and technical standards, and aim to reflect a range of views, expertise and wide geographical coverage.
References
Boeing, Embraer to fund sugarcane biofuel study, The Air Letter, Tuesday, 26 July, 2011, No. 17,283, at 6
Alok Jha, On a Wing and a Whisper: The Airliner to End Runway Noise, The Guardian, Tuesday November 7 2006 at 4
L.F. Mortimer, Ambitious Programme of Future Work to be Undertaken by CAEP, ICAO Journal, August 1992 at 6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Abeyratne, R. (2012). Aviation and Environmental Protection. In: Air Navigation Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25835-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25835-0_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-25834-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-25835-0
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLaw and Criminology (R0)