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Climate Impacts on the Baltic Sea: From Science to Policy pp 129–160Cite as

Impacts of Climate Change, Including Acidification, on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries

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Abstract

Marine ecosystems have always been affected by changes in climate at timescales from decades to millions of years. Since the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century the increase in greenhouse gases (GHG) has caused an accelerating rise in global temperature whose effects on marine biota can be detected at individual, population and ecosystem level. The rising level of CO2 and consequent acidification of the oceans is having an impact on metabolism and calcification in many organisms, with damage to vulnerable ecosystems, such as coral reefs, already occurring. The pH of the oceans is already lower now than it has been for the past 600,000 years.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Kroeker et al. (2010) restricted their analysis to studies that had used CO2 levels and pH values equivalent to IPCC scenarios for the year 2100, i.e. ≤950 ppm CO2 and a pH change of ≈0.4–0.5 units from present day values.

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  1. Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund Slot, Jægersborg Allé 1, Charlottenlund, 2920, Denmark

    Keith Brander

  2. Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 452 96, Tjärnö, Strömstad, Sweden

    Jon Havenhand

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  1. Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Allé 1, Charlottenlund, 2920, Denmark

    Keith Brander

  2. Technical University of Denmark, Jaegersborg Allé 1, Charlottenlund, 2920, Denmark

    Brian R. MacKenzie

  3. , Earth Sciences Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, 40530, Sweden

    Anders Omstedt

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Brander, K., Havenhand, J. (2012). Impacts of Climate Change, Including Acidification, on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries. In: Brander, K., MacKenzie, B., Omstedt, A. (eds) Climate Impacts on the Baltic Sea: From Science to Policy. Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25728-5_5

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