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Polarization Control of VCSELs

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VCSELs

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences ((SSOS,volume 166))

Abstract

In most types of VCSELs, the light output polarization is inherently unstable. While, in case of single-mode oscillation, the emitted light is mainly linearly polarized, its orientation is not well defined. This is because both the resonator and the gain medium are quasi isotropic in the plane of the active layers. Since a stable polarization is required for almost all sensing and some datacom applications, extensive and in-depth investigations have been undertaken during the last twenty years in order to stabilize the polarization of VCSELs without affecting their favorable operation parameters. Polarization control of VCSELs can be achieved by introducing a polarization-dependent gain, an asymmetric resonator, or mirrors with a polarization-dependent reflectivity. It has turned out that the last approach is most promising. It can be realized by incorporating a shallow surface grating in the upper mirror of a top-emitting VCSEL. Several million grating VCSELs are in reliable operation meanwhile, mainly in optical computer mice .

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Unpredictable without a very deep knowledge of all properties of the particular laser, including all imperfections.

  2. 2.

    With the term “polarization” we refer to the orientation of the electric (not the magnetic) field vector, as is done in most publications.

  3. 3.

    In this chapter, VCSELs without any special measure for polarization control are denoted as standard VCSELs.

  4. 4.

    The symbols ‘A’ and ‘B’ indicate whether the surface layer contains gallium or arsenic atoms, respectively.

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    Johannes Michael Ostermann & Rainer Michalzik

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  1. , Institute of Optoelectronics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 45, Ulm, 89081, Germany

    Rainer Michalzik

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Ostermann, J.M., Michalzik, R. (2013). Polarization Control of VCSELs. In: Michalzik, R. (eds) VCSELs. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 166. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24986-0_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24986-0_5

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