Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Principles-Based Application of the Criminal Law

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Insider Dealing and Criminal Law

  • 1220 Accesses

Abstract

The expansion of criminal law that may be observed nowadays is very dynamic. It may be compared to a coasted bullet train. Meanwhile, one may wonder where this train is aiming to and whether the railway tracks are built on a solid basis. Otherwise, the passengers of the train are in danger and the destination to which they arrive may be different from the one expected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    HART, H.L.A., Punishment and Responsibility, Essays in the Philosophy of Law, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 1–27.

  2. 2.

    WRÓBEL, Włodzimierz, ZOLL, Andrzej, Usprawiedliwienie karania (założenia systemu wymiaru kary w przyszłym kodeksie karnym), in: STRZEMBOSZ, Adam (ed.), O prawo karne oparte na zasadach sprawiedliwości, prawach człowieka i miłosierdziu, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski, 1988, p. 255.

  3. 3.

    WILLIAMS, Glanville, The Definition of Crime, Current Legal Problems, 1955, p. 107, opinion presented in: ASHWORTH, Andrew, Is the Criminal Law a Lost Cause, Law Quarterly Review, 2000, Vol. 116, p. 226. Similar opinion in relation to the indefinable content of the criminal law expressed by Nicola LACEY in: LACEY, Nicola, Contingency and Criminalisation, in: Loveland, Ian (ed.), The Frontiers of Criminality. Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1995, pp. 1–27.

  4. 4.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Conceptions of Overcriminalization, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2008, Vol. 5, p. 408.

  5. 5.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew Is the Criminal Law a Lost Cause, Law Quarterly Review, 2000, Vol. 116, p. 226.

  6. 6.

    E.g. Such an opinion, based on different grounds, is held by anarchists and Marxists. See: ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 17, ANDENÆS, Johannes, The General Preventive Effects of Punishment, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1966, Vol. 114, No. 7, p. 966.

  7. 7.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Conceptions of Overcriminalization, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2008, Vol. 5, pp. 408–409.

  8. 8.

    For more details see Chap. 4.

  9. 9.

    E.g.: ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, pp. 37–42, CLARKSON, C.M.V., Keating, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 4, PACKER, Herbert L., The Limits of the Criminal Sanction, Stanford University Press 1968, pp. 262–264 in: CLARKSON, C.M.V., Keating, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, pp. 5–6.

  10. 10.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., Keating, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, pp. 1–2.

  11. 11.

    LEVY, Thierry, Y a-t-il encore une place pour la responsabilité pénale ?, Pouvoirs 2002/1, No. 128, pp. 43–47.

  12. 12.

    Among others: FEINBERG, Joel, The Expressive Function of Punishment, The Monist, Vol. 49, No. 3, 1965, p. 397, PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 39.

  13. 13.

    Similarily: JAREBORG, Nils, Criminalization as Last Resort (Ultima Ratio), Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005, Vol. 2, p. 526.

  14. 14.

    SÓJKA-ZIELIŃSKA, Katarzyna, Historia prawa, Warszawa, 1997, p. 155 ff.

  15. 15.

    See: LOCKE, John, Two Treatises of Government, available at http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/locke/government.pdf, BECCARIA, Cesare, On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, Ed. Richard Bellamy, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques, Du contrat social, ou, principes du droit politique, Paris : Garnier Frères, 1962, MILL, John Stuart, On Liberty, Batoche Books, Kitchener, 2001, MONTESQUIEU, Charles de Secondat, The Spirit of Laws, Kitchener, 2001.

  16. 16.

    See the emanation of this philosophy in the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, 1789.

  17. 17.

    See, e.g. Sect. C.I.3 of this chapter on the Rechtsgut theory.

  18. 18.

    NESTORUK, Igor B., Zasada ultima ratio na przykładzie niemieckiego prawa karnego, in: DUKIET – NAGÓRSKA, Teresa (ed.), Zagadnienia współczesnej polityki kryminalnej, Bielsko – Biała, 2006, p. 25, JAREBORG, Nils, Criminalization as Last Resort (Ultima Ratio), Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005, Vol. 2, p. 526.

  19. 19.

    ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 39.

  20. 20.

    DUFF, Anthony, Answering for Crime. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2007, chapter 5.

  21. 21.

    For more details see Sect. B, Chap. 2.

  22. 22.

    E.g. in Poland, criminalization of money laundering in Act of Parliament of 16 November 2000 on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing (Ustawa z dnia 16 listopada 2000 r. o przeciwdziałaniu wprowadzaniu do obrotu finansowego wartości majątkowych pochodzących z nielegalnych lub nieujawnionych źródeł oraz o przeciwdziałaniu finansowaniu terroryzmu) published in Dz.U. 2003, No. 153, item 1505, as amended.

  23. 23.

    Similarly: ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 265.

  24. 24.

    ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 265, on importance of stability see: WRÓBEL, Włodzimierz, Drogi i bezdroża prawa karnego (o rządowym projekcie nowelizacji kodeksu karnego), Państwo i Prawo 2007, No. 9, pp. 3–13.

  25. 25.

    SZUMIŁO – KULCZYCKA, Dobrosława, Prawo administracyjno – karne, czy nowa dziedzina prawa?, Państwo i Prawo, 2004, No. 3, pp. 3–16.

  26. 26.

    Engel and Others v. The Netherlands, judgment of 8 June 1976, Series A no. 22, Öztürk v. Germany, judgment of 21 February 1984, Series A no. 73, for more details see: EMMERSON, Ben, ASHWORTH, Andrew, MACDONALD, Alison, Human Rights and Criminal Justice, London Sweet&Maxwell, 2007, pp. 191–235.

  27. 27.

    See e.g. Polish regulation on corporate criminal liability: Act of Parliament of 28 October 2002 on Liability of the Collective Entities for the Acts Prohibited under Penalty (Ustawa z 28 października 2002 r. o odpowiedzialności podmiotów zbiorowych za czyny zabronione pod groźbą kary) published in Dz. U. 2002, No. 197, item 1661, as amended.

  28. 28.

    von SAVIGNY Friedrich Carl, System of Roman Law, 1840 cited in: MÖHRENSCHLAGER, Manfred. Development on an International Level, p. 1. Paper presented at the International Colloquium on Criminal Responsibility of Legal and Collective Entities. 4-6 May 1998, Berlin.

  29. 29.

    ALSCHULER, Albert W., Two Ways to Think About the Punishment of Corporations, American Criminal Law Review, 2009, Vol. 46, pp. 1359–1392, ARLEN Jennifer, KRAAKMAN, Reinier, Controlling Corporate Misconduct: An Analysis of Corporate Liability Regimes, New York University Law Review, 1997, Vol. 72, pp. 687–779, KADISH, Stanford H., Some Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Economic Regulations, The University of Chicago Law Review, 1963, Vol. 30, pp. 430–435.

  30. 30.

    BEALE, Sara Sun, A Response to the Critics of Corporate Criminal Liability, American Criminal Law Review 2009, Vol. 46, pp. 1481–1505.

  31. 31.

    Some authors do not see anything wrong in such application of criminal law, e.g. see BALL, Harry V., FRIEDMAN, Lawrence M., The Use of Criminal Sanctions in the Enforcement of Economic Legislation: A Sociological View, Stanford Law Review, 1965, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 214.

  32. 32.

    Part II of the Chap. 2.

  33. 33.

    SZUMIŁO – KULCZYCKA, Dobrosława, Prawo administracyjno – karne, czy nowa dziedzina prawa?, Państwo i Prawo, 2004, No. 3, pp. 3–16, SPIELMANN, Dean, SPIELMANN Alphonse, Droit pénal général luxembourgeois, Bruylant Bruxelles, 2004, p. 364.

  34. 34.

    WASMEIER, Martin, The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem, Revue internationale de droit pénal, 2006, Vol. 77, p. 121.

  35. 35.

    LIGETI, Katalin, Rules on the Application of ne bis in idem in the EU – Is Further Legislative Action Required?, Eucrim, 1-2/2009, p. 37.

  36. 36.

    O.J. L239/19, [2000]: “A person whose trial has been finally disposed of in one Contracting Party may not be prosecuted in another Contracting Party for the same acts provided that, if a penalty has been imposed, it has been enforced, is actually in the process of being enforced or can no longer be enforced under the laws of the sentencing Contracting Party.”

  37. 37.

    LIGETI, Katalin, Rules on the Application of ne bis in idem in the EU – Is Further Legislative Action Required?, Eucrim, 1-2/2009, p. 38.

  38. 38.

    CJEU, 11 February 2003, joined cases Hüseyin Gözütok, C-187/01, and Klaus Brügge, C-385/01.

  39. 39.

    CJEU, 10 March 2005, Miraglia, C-469/03.

  40. 40.

    CJEU, 28 September 2006, Gasparini, C-467/04.

  41. 41.

    LIGETI, Katalin, Rules on the Application of the ne bis in idem in the EU – Is Further Legislative Action Required?, Eucrim, 1-2/2009, p. 37.

  42. 42.

    See the examples of the national transpositions of the Market Abuse Directive to the national orders of the Member States in Chap. 2.

  43. 43.

    Adolf v. Austria, judgment of 26 March 1982, Series A no. 49, § 30.

  44. 44.

    Engel and Others v. The Netherlands, judgment of 8 June 1976, Series A no. 22, § 82–83.

  45. 45.

    Articles 273–285 of the Order of the President of the Republic of Poland of 11 July 1932 - Criminal Code (Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej z dnia 11 lipca 1932 r. - Kodeks karny) published in Dz.U. 1932, No. 60, item 571.

  46. 46.

    Articles 217–223 of the Act of Parliament of 19 April 1969 Criminal Code (Ustawa z dnia 19 kwietnia 1969 r. Kodeks karny), published in Dz.U. 1969 No. 13, item 94. A question may be asked on whether such a formulation in a communistic state was not based on a will of legislature to extend the powers of prosecution to interfere into individuals’ lives.

  47. 47.

    Council Directive 91/308/EEC of 10 June 1991 on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering, Official Journal L 166 of 28.06.1991, see also: KOWALIK-BAŃCZYK, Krystyna, Wpływ prawa wspólnotowego na stosowanie krajowego prawa karnego, Studia Europejskie, 2006, No. 3, pp. 99–127.

  48. 48.

    Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing, OJ L 309, 25.11.2005, p. 15–36.

  49. 49.

    “Whereas money laundering must be combated mainly by penal means”, Directive 91/308/EEC, recital 4.

  50. 50.

    Directive 2005/60/EC, Article 39.2.

  51. 51.

    For details see, e.g.: SAUL, Ben, Attempts to Define 'Terrorism' in International Law, Netherlands International Law Review, 2005, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 57–83 and cited there articles.

  52. 52.

    Directive 2005/60/EC, recital (2).

  53. 53.

    For more on this issue see: HUSAK, Douglas, Overcriminalization: The Limits of the Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2008.

  54. 54.

    Commission Decision of 28 April 1999 establishing the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), OJ L 136, 31.05.1999, pp. 20–22.

  55. 55.

    Council Regulation No. 2988/95 of 18 December 1995 on the protection of the European Communities' financial interests (also known as the 'PIF' Regulation), OJ 1995 L 312, 23.12.1995, pp. 1–4.

  56. 56.

    Council Regulation n° 2988/95, Article 6.3.

  57. 57.

    OLAF’s Manual Operational Procedures, 1 December 2009, p. 15, available on: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/olaf/legal/manual/OLAF-Manual-Operational-Procedures.pdf (last visited on 13 September 2010).

  58. 58.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Conceptions of Overcriminalization, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2008, Vol. 5, p. 407.

  59. 59.

    For more details see: LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 716.

  60. 60.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Conceptions of Overcriminalization, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2008, Vol. 5, p. 407.

  61. 61.

    ROSENFELD, Emmanuel, VEIL, Jean, Sanctions administratives, sanctions pénales, Pouvoirs 2009/1, no. 123, p. 68.

  62. 62.

    LACEY, Nicola, Historicising Criminalisation: Conceptual and Empirical Issues, The Modern Law Review, 2009, vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 936–960, LACEY, Nicola, Contingency and Criminalisation in: Loveland (ed.), Frontiers of Criminality, 1995, opinion presented in: CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 3.

  63. 63.

    BROWN, Darryl K., Rethinking Overcriminalization, 2006, bepress Legal Series, paper 995, p. 22.

  64. 64.

    KADISH, Sanford H., The Crisis of Overcriminalization, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1967, Vo. 374 Combatting Crime, pp. 157–170, LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, pp. 703–743, HUSAK, Douglas, Overcriminalization: The Limits of the Criminal Law, New York, Oxford University Press 2008 and other presented there authors.

  65. 65.

    ZINGALES, Luigi, The Costs and Benefits of Financial Market Regulation, Law Working Paper No. 21/2004, p. 35, available through: www.ecgi.org/wp, the author does not makes any reference to the author of this proverb. Usually it is attributed to Otto von Bismarck however the oldest reference to the “law and sausage” may be found in The Daily Cleveland Herald of 29 March 1869 where the lawyer-poet John Godfrey Saxe is cited (SHAPIRO, Fred R., On language Quote…Misquote, The New York Times, 21 July 2008 available on: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/21/magazine/27wwwl-guestsafire-t.html?_r=1 (last seen on 3 November 2010)).

  66. 66.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 3.

  67. 67.

    LACEY, Nicola, Contingency and Criminalisation in: Loveland(ed.), Frontiers of Criminality, 1995, opinion presented in: CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 3.

  68. 68.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 3.

  69. 69.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 718 and the examples cited in the footnote no. 83.

  70. 70.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 25.

  71. 71.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 718.

  72. 72.

    Similar observations: ZINGALES, Luigi, The Costs and Benefits of Financial Market Regulation, Law Working Paper No. 21/2004, p. 3, available through: www.ecgi.org/wp.

  73. 73.

    ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, p. 74 (emphasis omitted).

  74. 74.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Is the Criminal Law a Lost Cause, Law Quarterly Review, 2000, Vol. 116, p. 253.

  75. 75.

    See, e.g. La dépénalisation de la vie des affaires, Rapport au garde des Sceaux, ministre de la Justice, prepared by a working group chaired by Jean-Marie COULON, January 2008, where on p. 21 this issue is discussed on an example of France.

  76. 76.

    See an example of Luxembourg (Sect. B.II., Chap. 2).

  77. 77.

    Similar concerns: ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, pp. 44–45.

  78. 78.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, 2005, American University Law Review, Vol. 54, p. 721.

  79. 79.

    E.g. Wall Street, 20th Century Fox, 1987, mentioned, inter alia, in: LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 730.

  80. 80.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 721.

  81. 81.

    FROMM, Erich, Ucieczka od wolności, Warszawa, 1978.

  82. 82.

    Ex. See: WALDRON, Jeremy, Security and Liberty: The Image of Balance, The Journal of Political Philosophy, 2003, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 191–210.

  83. 83.

    As it was written by PRITCHARD, Adam C. “Politicians who happily ignored ever-climbing stock markets become profoundly interested in disclosure policy when the financial news migrates from the business page of the newspaper to the front page.” in: Self-Regulation and Securities Markets, Regulation, Spring 2003, pp. 34–35.

  84. 84.

    HOPT, Klaus J., Modern Company and Capital market Problems: Improving European Corporate Governance After Enron, in: ARMOUR, J., MCCAHERy, J.A. (eds.), After Enron, Improving Corporate Law and Modernising Securities Regulation in Europe and the US, Oxford (Hart), 2006, p. 446.

  85. 85.

    PRITCHARD, Adam C., Self-Regulation and Securities Markets, Regulation, Spring 2003, p. 35.

  86. 86.

    OFEK, Eli, RICHARDSON, Matthew P., DotCom Mania: The Rise and Fall of Internet Stock Prices. Journal of Finance, Vol. 58, pp. 1113–1138, June 2003.

  87. 87.

    DEAKIN, Simon; KONZELMANN, Suzanne J., Learning from Enron, ESRC Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, September 2003, Working Paper No 274, The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-204, 116 United States Statutes at Large 745, enacted on 30 July 2002).

  88. 88.

    CARLSON, Mark, A Brief History of the 1987 Stock Market Crash with a Discussion of the Federal Reserve Response, November 2006, available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2007/200713/200713abs.html (last seen on 19 October 2010).

  89. 89.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 722.

  90. 90.

    Section B.II.9, Chap. 1.

  91. 91.

    TIGHE, Carla, MICHENER, Ron, The Political Economy of Insider Trading Laws, The American Economic Review, 1994, Vol. 84, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May 1994), p. 166.

  92. 92.

    VELJANOVSKI, Cento G., Economic of Principles of Law, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 241, CHAPUT, Yves, La pénalisation du droit des affaires: vrai constat et fausses rumeurs, Pouvoirs, 2001/1, No. 128, p. 91.

  93. 93.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 25.

  94. 94.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 681.

  95. 95.

    The beginning and basic principles of utilitarianism can be found in the works of Jeremy BENTHAM and John Stewart MILL. See: BENTHAM, Jeremy, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Kitchener 2000, MILL, John Stuart, On Liberty, Batoche Books, Kitchener, 2001.

  96. 96.

    Schema based on: ALBRECHT, Peter-Alexis, Kriminologie: Eine Grundlegung zum Strafrecht, 3rd edition, München : C.H. Beck, 2005, pp. 23–135.

  97. 97.

    ROBINSON, Paul H., DARLEY, John M., The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Law Rules : At Its Worst When Doing Its Best, The Georgetown Law Journal, 2003, Vol. 91, p. 950.

  98. 98.

    BECCARIA, Cesare, On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, Ed. Richard Bellamy, Cambridge University Press, 1995.

  99. 99.

    BECCARIA, Cesare, On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, Ed. Richard Bellamy, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 31.

  100. 100.

    BENTHAM, Jeremy, An introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 2000, Batoche Books, p. 14.

  101. 101.

    BENTHAM, Jeremy, An introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 2000, Batoche Books, p. 134.

  102. 102.

    Ritter von FEUERBACH, Paul Johann Anselm, Lehrbuch des Gemeinen in Deutschland Peinlichen Rechts, 1812, p. 177, in: ANDENAES, Johannes, The General Preventive Effects of Punishment, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1966, Vol. 114, No. 7, p 951.

  103. 103.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Deterrence, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew and ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, p. 45.

  104. 104.

    BALL, Harry V., FRIEDMAN, Lawrence M., The Use of Criminal Sanctions in the Enforcement of Economic Legislation: A Sociological View, Stanford Law Review, 1965, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 216.

  105. 105.

    The economic discussion started with BECKER, Gary S., Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach, The Journal of Political Economy, March - April 1968, Vol. 76, No. 2. pp. 169–217.

  106. 106.

    BROWN, Darryl K., Cost-Benefit Analysis in Criminal Law, 2004, California Law Review, Vol. 92, No. 2, p. 341.

  107. 107.

    STIGLER, George J., The Optimum Enforcement of Laws, The Journal of Political Economy, 1970, Vol. 78, No. 3, p. 527, POSNER, Richard A., An Economic Theory of the Criminal Law, Columbia Law Review, 1985, Vol. 85, No. 6, p. 1203.

  108. 108.

    POSNER, Richard A., An Economic Theory of the Criminal Law, Columbia Law Review, 1985, Vol. 85, No. 6, pp. 1207–1208.

  109. 109.

    VELJANOVSKI, Cento G., Economic of Principles of Law, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 246.

  110. 110.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Deterrence, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew and ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, p. 46.

  111. 111.

    BECCARIA, Cesare, On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, Ed. Richard Bellamy, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 31, BENTHAM, Jeremy, An introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Batoche Books, 2000, Chapter XIV.

  112. 112.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Deterrence, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew, ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, p. 47.

  113. 113.

    VELJANOVSKI, Cento G., Economic of Principles of Law, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 255.

  114. 114.

    See e.g.: von HIRSCH, Andrew, BOTTOMS, Anthony E., BURNEY Elisabeth, WIKSTRÖM, Per-Olof, Criminal Deterrence and Sentencing Severity, Hart Publishing, 1999.

  115. 115.

    BAER, Miriam H., Linkage and the Deterrence of Corporate Fraud, 2008, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 94, 2008; Brooklyn Law School, Legal Studies Paper No. 123. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1290710, p. 1306.

  116. 116.

    “The social science literature suggests that potential offenders commonly do not know the law, do not perceive an expected cost for a violation that outweighs the expected gain, and do not make rational self-interest choices.” in: ROBINSON, Paul H., DARLEY, John M., The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Law Rules : At Its Worst When Doing Its Best, The Georgetown Law Journal, 2003, Vol. 91, p. 953; other examples: “one study of English burglars found that they rarely thought they would be caught for the present offence, that they were not worried about the consequences of being caught […], and that the rewards of the burglary were rarely known in advance.” ASHWORTH, Andrew, Deterrence, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew and ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, pp. 49–50 based on BENNETT, T., WRIGHT, R., Burglars on Burglary, 1984, chapters 5 and 6; “The results suggest that 76 percent of active criminals and 89 percent of the most violent criminals either perceive no risk of apprehension or have no thought about the likely punishment for their crimes” in: ANDERSON, David A., The Deterrence Hypothesis and Picking Pockets at the Pickpocket’s Hanging, American Law and Economics Review, 2002, Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 295.

  117. 117.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Deterrence, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew and ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, p. 48.

  118. 118.

    ROBINSON, Paul H., DARLEY, John M., The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Law Rules : At Its Worst When Doing Its Best, The Georgetown Law Journal, 2003, Vol. 91, pp. 951–952.

  119. 119.

    ANDENÆS, Johannes, The General Preventive Effects of Punishment, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1966, Vol. 114, No. 7, pp. 960–970, BAER, Miriam H., Linkage and the Deterrence of Corporate Fraud, 2008, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 94, 2008; Brooklyn Law School, Legal Studies Paper No. 123. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1290710, p. 1306, ROBINSON, Paul H., DARLEY, John M., The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Law Rules : At Its Worst When Doing Its Best, The Georgetown Law Journal, 2003, Vol. 91, p. 977.

  120. 120.

    ANDENÆS, Johannes, The General Preventive Effects of Punishment, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1966, Vol. 114, No. 7, p. 970.

  121. 121.

    ANDENÆS, Johannes, The Morality of Deterrence, The University of Chicago Law Review, 1970, Vol. 37, No. 4, p. 654.

  122. 122.

    Similarly: ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 120–123.

  123. 123.

    ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 121, GARDOCKI, Lech, Zagadnienia teorii kryminalizacji, Warszawa, 1990, p. 55 ff.

  124. 124.

    Withers, 1935, 25 Cr App. Rep. 54 in: VELJANOVSKI, Cento G., Economic of Principles of Law, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 255.

  125. 125.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 53.

  126. 126.

    von HIRSCH, Andrew, Rehabilitation, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew, ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, p. 1.

  127. 127.

    von HIRSCH, Andrew, Rehabilitation, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew, ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, p. 1.

  128. 128.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 698, SÓJKA-ZIELIŃSKA, Katarzyna, Historia prawa, Warszawa, 1997, pp. 337–338.

  129. 129.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 54, Von HIRSCH, Andrew, Rehabilitation, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew, ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, p. 2.

  130. 130.

    Similar concerns: REX, Sue, A New Form of Rehabilitation?, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew, ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, pp. 38–39.

  131. 131.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, pp 54–61 and the literature there cited.

  132. 132.

    von HIRSCH, Andrew, Rehabilitation, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew, ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, pp. 4–5.

  133. 133.

    REX, Sue, A New Form of Rehabilitation?, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew, ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, pp. 34–41.

  134. 134.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 46.

  135. 135.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, pp. 46–47.

  136. 136.

    Similarly: CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 49.

  137. 137.

    von HIRSCH, Andrew, The problem of False Positives, in: von HIRSCH, Andrew and ASHWORTH, Andrew (eds.), Principled Sentencing Readings on Theory and Policy, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998, pp. 98–101.

  138. 138.

    JAKOBS, Günther, Imputation in Criminal Law and the Conditions for Norm Validity, 2004, Buffalo Criminal Law Review, Vol. 7, p. 492.

  139. 139.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., Keating, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, pp. 35–45.

  140. 140.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, The Promise of German Criminal Law: A Science of Crime and Punishment, German Law Journal, 2005, Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 1070.

  141. 141.

    ANDENÆS, Johannes, The General Preventive Effects of Punishment, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1966, Vol. 114, No. 7, p. 950.

  142. 142.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 702.

  143. 143.

    BALLESTEROS, Alberto Montoro, El funcionalismo en el Derecho: Notas sobre N.Luhmann y G. Jakobs, Annuario de derechos Humanos, Nueva Época, 2007, Vol. 8, p. 372.

  144. 144.

    JAKOBS, Günther, Imputation in Criminal Law and the Conditions for Norm Validity, Buffalo Criminal Law Review, 2004, Vol. 7, p. 492.

  145. 145.

    BALLESTEROS, Alberto Montoro, El funcionalismo en el Derecho: Notas sobre N.Luhmann y G. Jakobs, Annuario de derechos Humanos, Nueva Época, 2007, Vol. 8, p. 373.

  146. 146.

    JAKOBS, Günther, Sociedad, norma y persona en la Teoría de un Derecho penal funcional, 1st ed., Ed. Civitas, Madrid, 1996, pp. 40–41, presented in : BALLESTEROS, Alberto Montoro, El funcionalismo en el Derecho: Notas sobre N.Luhmann y G. Jakobs, Annuario de derechos Humanos, Nueva Época, 2007, Vol. 8, p. 374.

  147. 147.

    LEWIS, Clive Staples, The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment, VI Res Judicatae, 1953, reprinted in: CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, pp. 30–32.

  148. 148.

    Letter of St Paul to the Colossians, 3:11.

  149. 149.

    SÓJKA-ZIELIŃSKA, Katarzyna, Historia prawa, Warszawa, 1997, pp. 179–180.

  150. 150.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 700–701.

  151. 151.

    MURPHY, Jeffrie G., Kant: The Philosophy of Right, New York, St. Marin’s Press, 1970, p. 142, presented in: SCHEID, Don E., Kant’s Retributivism, Ethics, 1983, Vol. 93, No. 2, pp. 264–265.

  152. 152.

    ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, pp. 22–26.

  153. 153.

    BRADLEY, Gerard V., Retribution: The Central Aim of Punishment, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2003, Vol. 27, No. 1, p. 23.

  154. 154.

    MORRIS, Herbert, Persons and Punishment, Monist, 1968, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 475–501. The author, interestingly, develops the retributive theory of punishment based on the same premises as Immanuel Kant, without making any reference to the latter philosopher.

  155. 155.

    HEIDER, Fritz, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, New York: Wiley 1958, pp. 263–276.

  156. 156.

    BRADLEY, Gerard V., Retribution: The Central Aim of Punishment, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2003, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 21–22.

  157. 157.

    BRADLEY, Gerard V., Retribution: The Central Aim of Punishment, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2003, Vol. 27, No. 1, p. 20.

  158. 158.

    They are presented in subsequent Sect. C.II dedicated to principles of criminalisation.

  159. 159.

    MACKIE, John L., Morality and Retributive Emotions, Criminal Justice Ethics, 1982, No. 1, Vol. 1, p. 5.

  160. 160.

    HAMPTON, Jean, A New Theory of Retribution, in: FREY, G.M. and MORRIS, Christopher W. (eds.), Liability and Responsibility: Essays in law and Morals, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

  161. 161.

    BRADLEY, Gerard V., Retribution: The Central Aim of Punishment, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2003, Vol. 27, No. 1, p. 21.

  162. 162.

    Similarly: HAMPTON, Jean, A New Theory of Retribution, in: FREY, G.M. and MORRIS, Christopher W. (eds.), Liability and Responsibility: Essays in law and Morals, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

  163. 163.

    BRADLEY, Gerard V., Retribution: The Central Aim of Punishment, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2003, Vol. 27, No. 1, p. 30.

  164. 164.

    E.g. SMITH, Nick, Kantian Restorative Justice?, Criminal Justice Ethics, 2010, Vol. 29, No. 1, p. 54, RADZIK, Linda, Making Amends: Atonement in Morality, Law, and Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

  165. 165.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 33.

  166. 166.

    ZAWŁOCKI, Robert, Kryminalizacja obrotu gospodarczego w Polsce, in: DUKIET – NAGÓRSKA, Teresa (ed.), Zagadnienia współczesnej polityki kryminalnej, Bielsko – Biała, 2006, p. 214.

  167. 167.

    Similarly: PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 6.

  168. 168.

    LACEY, Nicola, Historicising Criminalisation: Conceptual and Empirical Issues, The Modern Law Review, 2009, Vol. 72, No. 6, p. 942.

  169. 169.

    Similarly in: HUSAK, Douglas, Overcriminalization: The Limits of the Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2008. However, another approach is also possible that justification for criminalisation comes from an independent principle of justice which is outside the criminal law doctrine, see: GREEN, Stuart P., Is There Too Much Criminal Law?, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2009, Vol. 6, p. 739.

  170. 170.

    Some authors distinguish the creation of the rule and the establishment of its place within criminal law as independent steps, e.g. ZAWŁOCKI, Robert, Kryminalizacja obrotu gospodarczego w Polsce, in: DUKIET – NAGÓRSKA, Teresa (edited by), Zagadnienia współczesnej polityki kryminalnej, Bielsko – Biała, 2006, pp. 214–215.

  171. 171.

    About the need to declare an act wrongful in order to criminalise it see: CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 4, ASHWORTH, Andrew, Is the Criminal Law a Lost Cause, 2000, Law Quarterly Review, Vo. 116, p. 240.

  172. 172.

    For example see the list of the theories in: CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 4.

  173. 173.

    OLSZEWSKI, Henryk, ZMIERCZAK, Maria, Historia doktryn politycznych i prawnych, 2nd edition, 1994, p. 398.

  174. 174.

    DWORKIN, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977, p. xi.

  175. 175.

    OLSZEWSKI, Henryk, ZMIERCZAK, Maria, Historia doktryn politycznych i prawnych, 2nd edition, p. 399.

  176. 176.

    OLSZEWSKI, Henryk, ZMIERCZAK, Maria, Historia doktryn politycznych i prawnych, 2nd edition p. 397.

  177. 177.

    HART, H.L.A., Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals, Harvard Law Review, 1958, Vol. 71, No. 4, p. 599.

  178. 178.

    OLSZEWSKI, Henryk, ZMIERCZAK, Maria, Historia doktryn politycznych i prawnych, 2nd edition, p. 399.

  179. 179.

    OLSZEWSKI, Henryk, ZMIERCZAK, Maria, Historia doktryn politycznych i prawnych, 2nd edition p. 399.

  180. 180.

    OLSZEWSKI, Henryk, ZMIERCZAK, Maria, Historia doktryn politycznych i prawnych, 2nd edition, p. 397.

  181. 181.

    DYZENHAUS, David, The Rule of Law as the Rule of Liberal Principle, in: RIPSTEIN, Arthur (ed.), Ronald Dworkin, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 58.

  182. 182.

    The examples and citation can be found in: HART, H.L.A., Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals, Harvard Law Review, 1958, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 593–629.

  183. 183.

    OLSZEWSKI, Henryk, ZMIERCZAK, Maria, Historia doktryn politycznych i prawnych, 2nd edition, pp. 402–405.

  184. 184.

    DWORKIN, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977, pp. 19–45.

  185. 185.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 4.

  186. 186.

    DEVLIN, Patrick, The Enforcement of Morals, Oxford University Press, 1965, pp. 12–13.

  187. 187.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 42.

  188. 188.

    HYMAN, Gross, A Theory of Criminal Justice, Routledge, 1979, pp. 13–15.

  189. 189.

    See point 5 below.

  190. 190.

    PACKER, Herbert L., The Limits of the Criminal Sanction, 1969, p. 264, citation after: CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 6.

  191. 191.

    ROBINSON, Paul H., DARLEY, John M., The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Law Rules : At Its Worst When Doing Its Best, The Georgetown Law Journal, 2003, Vol. 91, p. 953.

  192. 192.

    The “ethical minimum” that every law includes: JELLINEK, Georg, Die Sozialistische Bedeutung von Recht, Staat und Strafe, 1878, Wien, p. 42, cited in: PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 19.

  193. 193.

    See point 6 below.

  194. 194.

    STRUDLER, Alan, ORTS, Eric W., Moral Principles in the Law of Insider Trading, Texas Law Review, 1999, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 375–438.

  195. 195.

    E.g. GREEN, Stuart P., Cheating, Law and Philosophy, 2004, Vol. 23, p. 177.

  196. 196.

    KADISH, Stanford H., Some Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Economic Regulations, The University of Chicago Law Review, 1963, Vol. 30, p. 427.

  197. 197.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 32.

  198. 198.

    MILL, John Stuart, On Liberty, Batoche Books, Kitchener, 2001.

  199. 199.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 32.

  200. 200.

    FEINBERG, Joel, Harmless Wrongdoing – The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. xix, citation after: PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 13.

  201. 201.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 33.

  202. 202.

    See point 6 below.

  203. 203.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 67.

  204. 204.

    For more details see Sect. C.II.6, Chap. 1.

  205. 205.

    Justice Sam ERVIN in case State v. Balance, 51 S.E.2d (N.C. 1949) at 735 cited in: DELLINGER, Walter, The Indivisibility of Economic Rights and Personal Liberty, 2003–2004 Cato Supreme Court Review, 2004, p. 15.

  206. 206.

    But some authors consider the economic rights as the prerequisite for all other freedoms. This opinion does not mean that economic freedoms cannot be limited in any way. For more details see: von HAYEK, Friedrich August, The Road to Serfdom, London : The Institute of Economic Affairs, 2001, p. 110.

  207. 207.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 41.

  208. 208.

    For more details on this theory see: PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 43.

  209. 209.

    Similar conclusion in: PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, pp. 85–86.

  210. 210.

    FEINBERG, Joel, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law: Harm to Others, Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 36.

  211. 211.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 51.

  212. 212.

    Similarly: PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, pp. 51–52.

  213. 213.

    WIENER, A. Imre, Economic Criminal Offences, Budapest, 1990, p. 49.

  214. 214.

    E.g. see ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 33.

  215. 215.

    See point 6 below.

  216. 216.

    For a further analysis of the potential harms and benefits of insider dealing, see Sect. B, Chap. 1.

  217. 217.

    ENGELEN Peter-Jan, LIEDERKERKE Luc V., The Ethics of Insider Trading Revisited, Journal of Business Ethics, 2007, No. 74, pp. 497–507, STERNBERG, Elaine, Just business: Business Ethics in Action, Oxford University Press, 2002.

  218. 218.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 4.

  219. 219.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 17.

  220. 220.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, p. 18, referring to the law Commission.

  221. 221.

    European Convention on Human Rights as amended by Protocol No. 14, Article 8.2.

  222. 222.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, pp. 43–44.

  223. 223.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 679–680 and mentioned there legal works.

  224. 224.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 681.

  225. 225.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 106.

  226. 226.

    GARDOCKI, Lech, Zagadnienia teorii kryminalizacji, Warszawa, 1990, p. 45.

  227. 227.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 683–684.

  228. 228.

    Ex. ROXIN, Claus, Strafrecht: Allgemeiner Teil I, 1997, pp. 11–12, JESCHECK, Hans-Heinrich, WEIGEND, Thomas, Lehrbuch des Strafrechts : Allgemeiner Teil, 1996, pp. 104–105 cited in: DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 684–685.

  229. 229.

    JESCHECK, Hans-Heinrich, WEIGEND, Thomas, Lehrbuch des Strafrechts : Allgemeiner Teil, 1996, pp. 104–105 cited in : DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 684.

  230. 230.

    JESCHECK, Hans-Heinrich, WEIGEND, Thomas, Lehrbuch des Strafrechts : Allgemeiner Teil, 1996, pp. 104–105 cited in : DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 684.

  231. 231.

    ROXIN, Claus, Strafrecht: Allgemeiner Teil I, 1997, p. 15, cited in: DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 685.

  232. 232.

    JAREBORG, Nils, Criminalization as Last Resort (Ultima Ratio), Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005, Vol. 2, p. 526.

  233. 233.

    ROXIN, Claus, Strafrecht: Allgemeiner Teil I, 1997, p. 15, cited in: : DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 689.

  234. 234.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 104.

  235. 235.

    Similar objection: JAREBORG, Nils, Criminalization as Last Resort (Ultima Ratio), Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005, Vol. 2, p. 524.

  236. 236.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, pp. 107–108.

  237. 237.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 692.

  238. 238.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 687–688.

  239. 239.

    AMELUNG, Knut, Rechtsgüterschutz und Schutz der Gesellschaft, 1972, pp. 4–5, 237, 247 presented in: GARDOCKI, Lech, Zagadnienia teorii kryminalizacji, Warszawa, 1990, pp. 46–47.

  240. 240.

    DUBBER, Markus Dirk, The Promise of German Criminal Law: A Science of Crime and Punishment, German Law Journal, 2005, Vol. 6, No. 7, p. 1069.

  241. 241.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 117.

  242. 242.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 109.

  243. 243.

    TOMUSCHAT, Christian, Human Rights Between Idealism and Realism, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 3.

  244. 244.

    E.g. Letter of Saint Paul to Galatian, 3:28, see also KUŹNIAR, Roman, Prawa człowieka – prawo, instytucje, stosunki międzynarodowe, Scholar, 2008, pp. 19ff.

  245. 245.

    LOCKE, John, Two Treatises of Government, available at http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/locke/government.pdf.

  246. 246.

    FAGAN, Andrew, Human Rights, Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, http://www.iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/.

  247. 247.

    VASAK, Karel, A 30-Year Struggle, The UNESCO Courier, November 1977, p. 29, presented in: TOMUSCHAT, Christian, Human Rights Between Idealism and Realism, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 25.

  248. 248.

    TOMUSCHAT, Christian, Human Rights Between Idealism and Realism, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 54–60.

  249. 249.

    According to the notions of the United States Declaration of Independence of 4 July 1776.

  250. 250.

    BASTIAT, Frédéric, The Law, Foundation for Economic Education Irvington-on-Hudson, New York, 1998, pp. 21–22 (emphasis omitted).

  251. 251.

    Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Article IV.

  252. 252.

    Philipp BAGUS calls them “pseudo human rights” in: Human Rights Inflation and Property Rights Devaluation, 13 October 2008, published on: http://www.independent.org/students/essay/essay.asp?id=2341.

  253. 253.

    See: BAGUS, Philipp, Human Rights Inflation and Property Rights Devaluation, 13 October 2008, published on: http://www.independent.org/students/essay/essay.asp?id=2341.

  254. 254.

    On this basis the wrongfulness of the crimes against humanity that took place in twentieth century could be declared.

  255. 255.

    In this context: LUNA, Eric, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 730.

  256. 256.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 730, emphasis omitted.

  257. 257.

    DUFF, Anthony, Legal Punishment, in: Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, accessible at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-punishment/.

  258. 258.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 732.

  259. 259.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 43.

  260. 260.

    DWORKIN, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977, p. 12.

  261. 261.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, pp.28–30 and the literature there cited.

  262. 262.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 734.

  263. 263.

    LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 736.

  264. 264.

    Similar conclusions in: LUNA, Erik, The Overcriminalization Phenomenon, American University Law Review, 2005, Vol. 54, p. 738.

  265. 265.

    FEINBERG, Joel, Harmless Wrongdoing – The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 1988, p. xix.

  266. 266.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, pp. 18–25.

  267. 267.

    CLARKSON, C.M.V., KEATING, H.M., Criminal Law: Text and Materials, London Sweet & Maxwell, 2003, pp. 18–25.

  268. 268.

    GREEN, Stuart P., Cheating, Law and Philosophy, 2004, Vol. 23, p. 182.

  269. 269.

    DWORKIN, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977, p. 26.

  270. 270.

    DWORKIN, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977, p. 28.

  271. 271.

    Such as the principle of proportionality in the Polish Constitution, article 31.3.

  272. 272.

    ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003.

  273. 273.

    JAREBORG, Nils, Criminalization as Last Resort (Ultima Ratio), 2005, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, Vol. 2, p. 521.

  274. 274.

    Similarly: PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 13.

  275. 275.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, pp. 23 ff.

  276. 276.

    Just to mention Ronald DWORKIN, H.L.A. HART, Andrew von HIRSCH.

  277. 277.

    E.g. some authors distinguish special principles that should be applicable to this kind of criminalisation, see: ZAWŁOCKI, Robert, Podstawy odpowiedzialności karnej za przestępstwa gospodarcze, Warszawa 2004.

  278. 278.

    ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 84.

  279. 279.

    BENTHAM, Jeremy, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ch. 13, see also: ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 36.

  280. 280.

    ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 96.

  281. 281.

    Similarly HRYNIEWICZ, Elżbieta, Europejskie przestępstwa, europejskie dobra prawne in: SZWARC, Andrzej J., JOERDEN, Jan C. (editors), Europeizacja prawa karnego w Polsce i w Niemczech – Podstawy konstytucyjnoprawne, Poznań 2007, p. 64.

  282. 282.

    ROXIN, Claus, Strafrecht: Allgemeiner Teil I, 1997, pp. 26–27, in: DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 692.

  283. 283.

    E.g. by Nils JAREBORG in: Criminalization as Last Resort (Ultima Ratio), Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005, Vol. 2, pp. 521–534.

  284. 284.

    ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 95.

  285. 285.

    Similarly: ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 120.

  286. 286.

    Similarly: ŻÓŁTEK, Sławomir, Prawo karne gospodarcze w aspekcie zasady subsydiarności, Wolter Kluwer Polska, Warsaw, 2009, p. 122.

  287. 287.

    ZAWŁOCKI, Robert, Kryminalizacja obrotu gospodarczego w Polsce, in: DUKIET – NAGÓRSKA, Teresa (ed.), Zagadnienia współczesnej polityki kryminalnej, Bielsko – Biała, 2006, p. 216.

  288. 288.

    TIEDEMANN, Klaus, Verfassungsrecht und Strafrecht, Heidelberg, 1991, p. 52.

  289. 289.

    See Sect. B, in this chapter.

  290. 290.

    BECCARIA, Cesare, On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, Ed. Richard Bellamy, Cambridge University Press, 1995, Chapter 12, BENTHAM, Jeremy, An introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 2000, Batoche Books, Chapter XIV.

  291. 291.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 51.

  292. 292.

    ROXIN, Claus, Strafrecht: Allgemeiner Teil I, 1997, pp. 26–27, in: DUBBER, Markus Dirk, Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, 2005, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 692.

  293. 293.

    ZAWŁOCKI, Robert, Kryminalizacja obrotu gospodarczego w Polsce, in: DUKIET – NAGÓRSKA, Teresa (ed.), Zagadnienia współczesnej polityki kryminalnej, Bielsko – Biała, 2006, pp. 217–218.

  294. 294.

    See also: JAREBORG, Nils, Criminalization as Last Resort (Ultima Ratio), Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005, Vol. 2, p. 532.

  295. 295.

    It may be noted that without any necessity, the formulation of the principle is made through double negation “penalties must not be disproportionate” while the simple “penalties must be proportionate” would be clear enough.

  296. 296.

    ASHWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 4th edition, Oxford University Press 2003, p. 33, who mentions this principle after the authors of the American Model Penal Code.

  297. 297.

    WOJTYCZEK, Krzysztof, Zasada proporcjonalności jako granica prawa karania, in: ZOLL, Andrzej (ed.), Racjonalna reforma prawa karnego, Warsaw 2001, p. 297ff.

  298. 298.

    WOJTYCZEK, Krzysztof, Zasada proporcjonalności jako granica prawa karania, in: ZOLL, Andrzej (ed.), Racjonalna reforma prawa karnego, Warsaw 2001, p. 298.

  299. 299.

    ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, pp. 80–81.

  300. 300.

    Similar concerns expresses Peter-Alexis ALBRECHT in: ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, p. 84.

  301. 301.

    Described in section dedicated to the liberal theory of wrongfulness, Sect. C.I.6, in this chapter.

  302. 302.

    The maximal criminal penalty imposed for insider dealing according to the Polish regulation is the same as in the case of conscious putting someone into a danger of HIV contamination (Polish Act of Parliament of 6 June 1997 - Criminal Code, Article 161 paragraph 1).

  303. 303.

    More on a history of the principle in: GLASER, Stefan, Nullum Crimen Sine Lege, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, 1942, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 29–37.

  304. 304.

    The obligation of proper defining of criminal conduct and the penalties may are also known as the principle of certainity, see ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, p. 49ff.

  305. 305.

    GLASER, Stefan, Nullum Crimen Sine Lege, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, 1942, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 34.

  306. 306.

    DYZENHAUS, David, The Rule of Law as the Rule of Liberal Principle, in: RIPSTEIN, Arthur (ed.), Ronald Dworkin, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 72.

  307. 307.

    SPIELMANN, Dean, SPIELMANN, Alphonse, Droit pénal général luxembourgeois, Bruylant Bruxelles, 2004, p. 96.

  308. 308.

    SPIELMANN, Dean, SPIELMANN, Alphonse, Droit pénal général luxembourgeois, Bruylant Bruxelles, 2004, p. 44 and cited there case-law cases.

  309. 309.

    An observation may be applied that: “if a law declares a practice to be criminal, and cannot apply its policy with consistency, its moral effect is necessarily weakened.” FREUND, Legislative Regulation 253 (1932), citation after: KADISH, Stanford H., Some Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Economic Regulations, The University of Chicago Law Review, 1963, Vol. 30, p. 437.

  310. 310.

    For more details please see Sect. B.II, Chap. 1.

  311. 311.

    Market Abuse Directive, Article 1.1.

  312. 312.

    See presentation of the Luxembourg and Polish national regulations in Sect. C, Chap. 2.

  313. 313.

    Market Abuse Directive, Article 4.

  314. 314.

    GARLICKI, Leszek, Polskie prawo konstytucyjne Zarys wykładu, Liber Warszawa 1999, p. 72.

  315. 315.

    CJEU, 13 September 2005, Commission of the European Communities v Council of the European Union, C-176/03.

  316. 316.

    BRAUM, Stefan, Program Haski Unii Europejskiej – właściwe i niewłaściwe priorytety europejskiej ewolucji prawa karnego, in: SZWARC, Andrzej J., JOERDEN, Jan C. (eds.), Europeizacja prawa karnego w Polsce i w Niemczech – Podstawy konstytucyjnoprawne, Poznań 2007, pp. 17–19.

  317. 317.

    HEFENDEHL, Roland, ETS stawia na głowie przyporządkowanie kompetencji w zakresie prawa karnego – i dziwi się krytyce, in: SZWARC, Andrzej J., JOERDEN, Jan C. (eds.), Europeizacja prawa karnego w Polsce i w Niemczech – Podstawy konstytucyjnoprawne, Poznań 2007, p. 59 and the literature there mentioned.

  318. 318.

    Presentation of the opinion of the judge of the ECUE V. Scouris made after: HEFENDEHl, Roland, ETS stawia na głowie przyporządkowanie kompetencji w zakresie prawa karnego – i dziwi się krytyce, in: SZWARC, Andrzej J., JOERDEN, Jan C. (eds.), Europeizacja prawa karnego w Polsce i w Niemczech – Podstawy konstytucyjnoprawne, Poznań 2007, p. 45.

  319. 319.

    LÜDERSSEN, K, FUCHS, H., SCHÜNEMANN, B., opinions presented in: HEFENDEHL, Roland, ETS stawia na głowie przyporządkowanie kompetencji w zakresie prawa karnego – i dziwi się krytyce, in: SZWARC, Andrzej J., JOERDEN, Jan C. (editors), Europeizacja prawa karnego w Polsce i w Niemczech – Podstawy konstytucyjnoprawne, Poznań 2007, p. 45.

  320. 320.

    JAREBORG, Nils, What Kind of Criminal Law Do We Want?, in: SNARE, Annika (ed.), Beware of Punishment, Oslo, Pax Forlag, 1995, p. 24.

  321. 321.

    ZEDNER, Lucia, Criminal Justice, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 61.

  322. 322.

    ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, p. 72.

  323. 323.

    Von HIRSCH, Andrew, Desert and White-Collar Criminality: A Response to Dr. Braithwaite, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1982, Vol. 73, no. 3, p. 1167.

  324. 324.

    BOJARSKI, Tadeusz, Commentary to Article 1 of the Polish Criminal Code in: Kodeks karny Komentarz, BOJARSKI, Tadeusz (ed.), Warszawa 2009, pp.26-28, WĄSEK, Andrzej, KULIK, Marek, Commentary to Article 1 of the Polish Criminal Code in: Kodeks Karny Komentarz, FILAR, Marian (ed.), Warszawa 2010, pp. 20–22.

  325. 325.

    BOJARSKI, Tadeusz, commentary to Article 1 of the Polish Criminal Code in: BOJARSKI, Tadeusz (ed.), Kodeks karny Komentarz, Warszawa 2009, p. 28.

  326. 326.

    Opinion presented in 1959 by Ulrich KLUG can be found in: HANACK, Ernst-Walter, Zur Revision des Sexualstrafrechts in der Bundesrepublik, Hamburg, 1969, p. 37 and KLUG, Ulrich, Rechtsphilosophische und rechtspolitische Probleme des Sexualstrafrechts, in: Skeptische Rechtsphilosophie und humanes Strafrecht, Part 2, Berlin 1981, p. 179 ff, for more information see also: GARDOCKI, Lech, Zarys teorii kryminalizacji, Warszawa 1990, pp. 138–139.

  327. 327.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 76.

  328. 328.

    Discussion on the principle can be found in: GARDOCKI, Lech, Zarys teorii kryminalizacji, Warszawa 1990, pp. 138–148.

  329. 329.

    See Sect. B.I.1 of this chapter.

  330. 330.

    SCHONSHECK, Jonathan, On criminalization. An essay in the philosophy of the criminal law, 1994, Kluwer, Dordrecht-Boston-London, PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, pp. 92–94.

  331. 331.

    BROWN, Darryl K., Cost-Benefit Analysis in Criminal Law, 2004, California Law Review, Vol. 92, No. 2, p. 344.

  332. 332.

    BAER, Miriam H., Linkage and the Deterrence of Corporate Fraud, Virginia Law Review, 2008, Vol. 94, 2008; Brooklyn Law School, Legal Studies Paper No. 123. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1290710, p. 1312.

  333. 333.

    Similarly : CHAPUT, Yves, La pénalisation du droit des affaires: vrai constat et fausses rumeurs, Pouvoirs, 2001/1, No. 128, p. 92.

  334. 334.

    ZAWŁOCKI, Robert, Kryminalizacja obrotu gospodarczego w Polsce, in: DUKIET – NAGÓRSKA, Teresa (ed.), Zagadnienia współczesnej polityki kryminalnej, Bielsko – Biała, 2006, p. 218.

  335. 335.

    ZAWŁOCKI, Robert, Kryminalizacja obrotu gospodarczego w Polsce, in: DUKIET – NAGÓRSKA, Teresa (ed.), Zagadnienia współczesnej polityki kryminalnej, Bielsko – Biała, 2006, p. 218.

  336. 336.

    ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques, Du contrat social, ou, principes du droit politique, 1962, Paris : Garnier Frères, p. 236.

  337. 337.

    There are many books that describe the historical background of the anti-liberal revolutions. Very interesting presentation can be found in: von HAYEK, Friedrich August, The Road to Serfdom, London : The Institute of economic affairs, 2001, FROMM, Erich, Ucieczka od wolności, Warszawa, 1978, ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, pp. 17–45.

  338. 338.

    ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, p. 49.

  339. 339.

    ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, pp. 22–24.

  340. 340.

    These basic rights can be found already in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, see also: ALBRECHT, Peter – Alexis, The Forgotten Freedom, September 11 as a Challenge for European Legal Principles, Berliner Wissenschafts – Verlag, 2003, p. 49.

  341. 341.

    E.g. Article L.420-6 I of the French Commercial Code that provides criminal liability of persons engaged in abuse of dominant position.

  342. 342.

    Lord WILLIAMS of Mostyn (at that moment Minister of State) in a written answer to a question by Lord DHOLAKIA, H.L. Deb., Vol. 602, WA 57 (June 18, 1999) cited in: ASHWORTH, Andrew, Is the Criminal Law a Lost Cause, Law Quarterly Review, 2000, Vol. 116, p. 229.

  343. 343.

    SCHONSHECK, Jonathan, On criminalization. An essay in the philosophy of the criminal law, 1994, Kluwer, Dordrecht-Boston-London, presented in: PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, pp. 92–94.

  344. 344.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, pp. 92–94.

  345. 345.

    PERŠAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct, The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts, Springer, 2007, p. 92.

  346. 346.

    On rationality of legislature see, e.g. WRÓBLEWSKI, Jerzy, Zasady tworzenia prawa, Warsaw 1989, p. 45ff.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. rue Frantz Clement 18, 1345, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

    Dr. Iwona Seredyńska

Authors
  1. Dr. Iwona Seredyńska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iwona Seredyńska .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Seredyńska, I. (2012). Principles-Based Application of the Criminal Law. In: Insider Dealing and Criminal Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22857-5_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation