Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves a variety of phenotypic changes at the posterior pole. These phenotypic fi ndings change dynamically over time, which is not always evident from a single funduscopy. Earlystage disease is characterized by drusen and/or irregular focal hypo- or hyperpigmentations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Katta S, Kaur I, Chakrabarti S (2009) The molecular genetic basis of age-related macular degeneration: an overview. J Genet 88:425–449
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (2001) A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417–1436
Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Chisholm IH, Coscas G, Davis MD, de Jong PT, Klaver CC, Klein BE, Klein R et al (1995) An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. Surv Ophthalmol 39:367–374
Van Leeuwen R, Klaver CC, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, de Jong PT (2003) The risk and natural course of age-related maculopathy: follow-up at 6 1/2 years in the Rotterdam study. Arch Ophthalmol 121:519–526
Holz FG, Wolfensberger TJ, Piguet B, Gross-Jendroska B, Wells JA, Minassian DC, Chisholm IH, Bird AC (1994) Bilateral macular drusen in age-related macular degeneration: prognosis and risk factors. Ophthalmology 101:1522–1528
Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC, Meuer SM, Huang GH (2002) Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 109:1767–1779
Pauleikhoff D, Barondes MJ, Minessian D, Chisholm IH, Bird AC (1990) Drusen as risk factors in age-related macular disease. Am J Ophthalmol 109:38–43
Farwick A, Wellmann J, Stoll M, Pauleikhoff D, Hense HW (2010) Susceptibility genes and progression in age-related maculopathy: a study of single eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:731–736
Lommatzsch A, Hermans P, Müller KD, Bornfeld N, Bird AC, Pauleikhoff D (2008) Are low inflammatory reactions involved in exudative age-related macular degeneration? Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of AMD associated with basal deposits. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 246:803–810
Wang L, Clark ME, Crossman DK, Kojima K, Messinger JD, Mobley JA, Curcio CA (2010) Abundant lipid and protein components of drusen. PLoS One 5(4):e10329
Wasmuth S, Lueck K, Baehler H, Lommatzsch A, Pauleikhoff D (2009) Increased vitronectin production by complement-stimulated human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:5304–5309
Rivera A, Fisher SA, Fritsche LG, Keilhauer CN, Lichtner P, Meitinger T, Weber BH (2005) Hypothetical LOC387715 is a second major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration, contributing independently of complement factor H to disease risk. Hum Mol Genet 14:3227–3236
Seddon JM, Francis PJ, George S, Schultz DW, Rosner B, Klein ML (2007) Association of CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S with progression of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 297:1793–1800
Brown B, Lovie-Kitchin J (1987) Contrast sensitivity in central and paracentral retina in age-related macular maculopathy. Clin Exp Optom 70:145–148
Steinmetz RL, Haimovici R, Jubb C, Fitzke FW, Bird AC (1993) Symptomatic abnormalities of dark adaptation in patients with age-related Bruch’s membrane change. Br J Ophthalmol 77:549–554
Holz FG, Gross-Jendroska M, Eckstein A, Hog CR, Arden GB, Bird AC (1995) Colour contrast sensitivity in patients with age-related Bruch’s membrane changes. Ger J Ophthalmol 4:336–341
Scilley K, Jackson GR, Cideciyan AV, Maguire MG, Jacobson SG, Owsley C (2002) Early age-related maculopathy and self-reported visual difficulty in daily life. Ophthalmology 109:1235–1242
Barondes M, Pauleikhoff D, Chisholm IC, Minessian D, Bird AC (1990) Bilaterality of drusen. Br J Ophthalmol 74:180–182
Curcio CA, Millican CL (1999) Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 117:329–339
Gass JD, Jallow S, Davis B (1985) Adult vitelliform macular detachment occurring in patients with basal laminar drusen. Am J Ophthalmol 99:445–459
Russell SR, Mullins RF, Schneider BL, Hageman GS (2000) Location, substructure, and composition of basal laminar drusen compared with drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 129:205–214
Spaide RF, Curcio CA (2010) Drusen characterization with multimodal imaging. Retina 30:1441–1454
Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Steinberg JS, Fleckenstein M, Visvalingam S, Brinkmann CK, Holz FG (2010) Combined confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging of reticular drusen associated with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 117:1169–1176
Zweifel SA, Spaide RF, Curcio CA, Malek G, Imamura Y (2010) Reticular pseudodrusen are subretinal drusenoid deposits. Ophthalmology 117:303–312
Rudolf M, Malek G, Messinger JD, Clark ME, Wang L, Curcio CA (2008) Sub-retinal drusenoid deposits in human retina: organization and composition. Exp Eye Res 87:402–408
Arnold JJ, Sarks SH, Killingsworth MC, Sarks JP (1995) Reticular pseudodrusen: a risk factor in age-related maculopathy. Retina 15:183–191
Zweifel SA, Imamura Y, Spaide TC, Fujiwara T, Spaide RF (2010) Prevalence and significance of subretinal drusenoid deposits (reticular pseudodrusen) in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 117:1775–1781
Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Alten F, Steinberg JS, Jaffe GJ, Fleckenstein M, Mukesh BN, Hohman TC, Holz FG, for the GAP-Study Group (2011) Reticular drusen associated with geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52:5009–5015
Sarks SH, Van Driel D, Maxwell L, Killingsworth M (1980) Softening of drusen and subretinal neovascularization. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 100:414–422
Pauleikhoff D, Zuels S, Sheraidah G, Bird AC (1992) Correlation between biochemical composition and fluorescein binding of deposits in Bruch’s membrane. Ophthalmology 99:1548–1553
Pauleikhoff D, Chen JC, Chisholm IH, Bird AC (1990) Choroidal perfusion abnormality with age-related Bruch’s membrane change. Am J Ophthalmol 109:211–217
Piguet B, Palmvang IB, Chisholm IH, Minassian D, Bird AC (1992) Evolution of age-related macular degeneration with choroidal perfusion abnormality. Am J Ophthalmol 113:657–663
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dietzel, M., Pauleikhoff, D., Holz, F.G., Bird, A.C. (2013). Early AMD. In: Holz, F., Pauleikhoff, D., Spaide, R., Bird, A. (eds) Age-related Macular Degeneration. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22107-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22107-1_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-22106-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-22107-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)