Abstract
This chapter describes how the finite element technique can be used for the design of elastomeric components for automotive and railway applications. In the first section a description of the industrial needs regarding the design with these types of materials and the reasons why they arouse so much interest for engineering applications is given. Also, a complete literature review and explanation of fundamentals are included concerning different features these materials exhibit from the mechanical point of view: elasticity, inelasticity, fatigue, and tribology behavior. The second section includes several details about constitutive models used for the finite element (FE) modelling of elastomeric materials. Among them, some basic kinematics of finite elastic deformations are explained as well as details about constitutive behavior for rubbers and rubber-like materials such as strain energy potentials usually implemented in FE codes for modelling hyperelasticity, time and frequency domain viscoelasticity, constitutive models for modelling inelastic effects, and available approaches for modeling fatigue behavior. In the third section, a methodology for the design of elastomeric components by means of the FE method is explained, including valuable information about experimental testing for material characterization focused on the calibration of former explained constitutive models. In the fourth and last section, four examples are presented, related to the application of FE techniques for the analysis and the design of components for automotive and railway applications. These examples cover the modelling of different aspects and features of elastomeric materials and demonstrate the advantages provided by FE techniques in comparison to the experimental design procedures used until the recent past in the industry.
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology through Research Projects DPI2001-2406, DPI2004-06747, and DPI2008-02335 as well as the cortesy of the companies Industrias E. Díaz, S. A., Caucho Metal Productos, Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarril, S. A. and TRW Automotive for allowing to publish their industrial examples.
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Gracia, L.A., Bielsa, J.M., Martínez, F.J., Royo, J.M., Pelegay, J.L., Calvo, B. (2013). Other Applications: Engineering. In: Visakh, P., Thomas, S., Chandra, A., Mathew, A. (eds) Advances in Elastomers II. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 12. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20928-4_9
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