Abstract
The relationships among biological and anthropic phenomena stemming from the economic activity of human beings are complex, and the environment is a system in which natural and human resources (social, economic, and cultural) have to coexist. Like any other human activity, also tourism is twisted with the environment: tourism affects and is affected by the environment and in this chapter we will try to analyze in greater detail the key issues of this complex relationship.
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Notes
- 1.
Among the many works on the relationship between tourism and the environment, see Shaw and Williams (1990, 2002), Hardy et al. (2002), Teo (2002), Liu (2003), Farrell and Twining-Ward (2004, 2005), Miller and Twining-Ward (2005), Bramwell (2007), and Moscardo (2008). Specific case studies are analyzed, for example, by Bramwell and Lane (2000).
- 2.
- 3.
Among the many issues developed by the specific literature (for a comprehensive survey, see Stabler et al. 2010, p. 344) see the effects of the World Bank economic policy on tourism (Hawkins and Mann 2007); the relationship between tourism and poverty (Blake et al. 2008; Scheyvens 2011; Figini and Romaniello 2012); the role of women (Scheyvens 2002); the ethical principles of tourism (Page and Dowling 2002; Fennel 2007; Wheeler 1994; Buckley 2003); and the project “debt for nature” applied to tourism (Holden 2007).
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The most general biotic case is where the growth rate of the resource depends on the size of its population: n = cX 2 − bX represents the growth rate of the resource according to the logistic function. Using this function would complicate the algebra without substantially changing the conclusions.
- 6.
It is evident the relevance of tourism onto the degradation of the local culture, the handicraft sector, and local uses and traditions, especially in tourism destinations located in developing countries and hosting important tourism flows originating from the Western World. Doxey (1975) suggests that the impact of tourism flows on local cultures interests various Irritation Indexes (Irridex) that signal the phases of euphoria, boredom, antagonism, and saturation.
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- 8.
Moreover, the consumption habits of the host population should also be added, if they compete with tourists in the use of the same resources.
- 9.
Since the degree of utilization of each resource depends on the different types of hosted tourism, only a complex model of optimization can solve both the issue of identification of the binding constraints and the issue of identification of the tourism mix that maximizes profits. The problem can be formulated as a dynamic optimization program, linear or non-linear, subject to a set of constraints expressed as weak inequalities. The solution can be found by applying the Kuhn–Tucker method (Theory in Action 6.1).
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Candela, G., Figini, P. (2012). Sustainable Tourism. In: The Economics of Tourism Destinations. Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20874-4_16
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