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Verhaltensbiologie pp 102–147Cite as

Orientierung in Zeit und Raum

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Zusammenfassung

Das tagtägliche Überleben von Tieren basiert zu einem wichtigen Teil auf ihrer Fähigkeit, sich mit Hilfe des Verhaltens an wechselnde soziale und ökologische Bedingungen anzupassen. Diese Verhaltenskapazitäten ergänzen relevante physiologische und anatomische Anpassungen und sind funktional eng mit diesen verbunden. Im Unterschied zu Pflanzen haben die meisten Tiere die Möglichkeit, sich zumindest in einem Lebensstadium (z.B. als Larve) aktiv in Relation zu fitnessrelevanten Faktoren wie Nahrung, Räubern oder Paarungspartnern zu bewegen. Diese Orientierung im Raum kann vielfältige Formen annehmen und reicht von Körperbewegungen in Relation zu einzelnen Sinnesreizen bis hin zu Wanderungen zwischen Arktis und Antarktis. Zudem sind die allermeisten Tiere zeitlichen Schwankungen überlebensrelevanter Aspekte ihrer Umwelt ausgesetzt. Ein Großteil der Schwankungen in dieser Dimension ist gut vorhersagbar, wie der Wechsel zwischen Tag und Nacht oder zwischen verschiedenen Jahreszeiten, woran viele Aspekte des Verhaltens angepasst sind. Die artspezifische Ausstattung mit unterschiedlichen Sinnesorganen ermöglicht es Tieren, Änderungen verschiedener Komponenten ihrer Umwelt wahrzunehmen und entsprechend darauf zu reagieren. Da diese sinnesphysiologischen Fähigkeiten auch in anderen Domänen eine wichtige Grundlage des Verhaltens darstellen (z.B. Nahrungssuche → Kapitel 5.2, Räubervermeidung → Kapitel 6.3, Kommunikation → Kapitel 11.3), ist ein fundiertes physiologisches Grundlagenwissen für ein komplettes Verständnis dieser Anpassungen notwendig. Da es dazu sehr kompetente und ausführliche Darstellungen gibt (z.B. Heldmaier u. Neuweiler 2003), möchte ich die wichtigsten Sinnessysteme im Nachfolgenden nur in ganz allgemeiner Form umreißen.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abt. Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ), Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Deutschland

    Peter M. Kappeler

  2. Abt. Soziobiologie/Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Deutschland

    Peter M. Kappeler

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  1. Peter M. Kappeler
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© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Kappeler, P. (2012). Orientierung in Zeit und Raum. In: Verhaltensbiologie. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20653-5_4

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