Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is one of the most widely used characterization tool in the study of graphene, a two-dimensional hexagonal crystal of carbon atoms. Owing to the resonant nature of the light scattering process, fairly strong signals are detected in spite of the fact that only one monolayer of atoms is probed. In graphene research, Raman spectroscopy is used not only as an indispensible characterization tool to identify the number of layers, but also as a probe to investigate the mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. Here, important recent progress in Raman spectroscopic characterization of graphene is reviewed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6:183–191
Katsnelson MI (2007) Grpahene: carbon in two dimensions. Mater Today 10:20–27
Castro Neto AH, Guinea F, Peres NMR, Novoselov KS, Geim AK (2009) The electronic properties of graphene. Rev Mod Phys 81:109–162
Nair RR, Blake P, Grigorenko AN, Novoselov KS, Booth TJ, Stauber T, Peres NMR, Geim AK (2008) Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320:1308
Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321:385–388
Wallace PR (1947) The band theory of graphite. Phys Rev 71:622–634
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Dubonos SV, Girgorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666–669
Trevisanutto PE, Giorgetti C, Reining L, Ladisa M, Olevano V (2008) Ab Initio GW many–body effects in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 101:226405
Kohn W (1956) Image of the Fermi surface in the vibration spectrum of a metal. Phys Rev Lett 2:393–394
Piscanec S, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Ferrari AC, Robertson J (2004) Kohn anomalies and electron–phonon interactions in graphite. Phys Rev Lett 93:185503
Maultzsch J, Reich S, Thomsen C, Requardt H, Ordejón P (2004) Phonon dispersion in graphite. Phys Rev Lett 92:075501
Charlier J-C, Eklund PC, Zhu J, Ferrari AC (2008) Electron and phonon properties of graphene: their relationship with carbon nanotubes. In: Jorio A, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (eds) Carbon nanotubes, vol 111, Topics in applied physics. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 673–709
Dresselhaus MS, Jorio A, Hofmann M, Dresselhaus G, Saito R (2010) Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett 10:751–758
Malard LM, Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (2009) Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Phys Rep 473:51–87
Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS, Cançado LG, Jorio A, Saito R (2007) Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by Raman spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9:1276–1291
Lucchese MM, Stavale F, Martins Ferreira EH, Vilani C, Moutinho MVO, Capaz RB, Achete CA, Jorio A (2010) Quantifying ion–induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene. Carbon 48:1592–1597
Yoon D, Moon H, Son Y–W, Samsonidze G, Park BH, Kim JB, Lee Y, Cheong H (2008) Strong polarization dependence of double–resonant Raman intensities in graphene. Nano Lett 8:4270–4274
Mohiuddin TMG, Lombardo A, Nair RR, Bonetti A, Savini G, Jalil R, Bonini N, Basko DM, Galiotis C, Marzari N, Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Ferrari AC (2009) Uniaxial strain in graphene by Raman spectroscopy: G peak splitting, Grüneisen parameters, and sample orientation. Phys Rev B 79:205433
Huang M, Yan H, Chen C, Song D, Heinz TF, Hone J (2009) Phonon softening and crystallographic orientation of strained graphene studied by Raman spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:7304–7308
Gong L, Kinloch IA, Young RJ, Riaz I, Jalil R, Novoselov KS (2010) Interfacial stress transfer in a graphene monolayer nanocomposite. Adv Mater 22:2694-2697
Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Piscanec S, Jiang D, Novoselov KS, Roth S, Geim AK (2006) Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys Rev Lett 97:187401
Gupta A, Chen G, Joshi P, Tadigadapa S, Eklund PC (2006) Raman scattering from high-frequency phonons in supported n-graphene layer films. Nano Lett 6:2667–2673
Graf D, Molitor F, Ensslin K, Stampfer C, Jungen A, Hierold C, Wirtz L (2007) Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy of single– and few–layer graphene. Nano Lett 7:238–242
Yoon D, Moon H, Cheong H, Choi JS, Choi JA, Park BH (2009) Variations in the Raman spectrum as a function of the number of graphene layers. J Korean Phys Soc 55:1299–1303
Mafra DL, Samsonidze G, Malard LM, Elias DC, Brant JC, Plentz F, Alves ES, Pimenta MA (2007) Deterination of LA and TO phonon dispersion relations of grapehene near the Dirac point by double resonance Raman scattering. Phys Rev B 76:233407
Shimada T, Sugai T, Fantini C, Souza M, Cançado LG, Jorio A, Pimenta MA, Saito R, Grüneis A, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS, Ohno Y, Mizutani T, Shinohara H (2005) Origin of the 2450 cm−1 Raman bands in HOPG, single–wall and double–wall carbon nanotubes. Carbon 43:1049–1054
Malard LM, Nilsson J, Elias DC, Brant JC, Plentz F, Alves ES, Castro Neto AH, Pimenta MA (2007) Probing the electronic structure of bilayer graphene by Raman scattering. Phys Rev B 76:201401(R)
Latil S, Henrard L (2006) Charge carrier in few-layer graphene films. Phys Rev Lett 97:036803
Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (1993) Electronic structure of double–layer graphene tubules. J Appl Phys 73:494–500
Blake P, Hill EW, Castro Neto AH, Novoselov KS, Jiang D, Yang R, Booth TJ, Geim AK (2007) Making graphene visible. Appl Phys Lett 91:063124
Yoon D, Moon H, Son Y-W, Choi JS, Park BH, Cha YH, Kim YD, Cheong H (2009) Interference effect on Raman spectrum of graphene on SiO2/Si. Phys Rev B 80:125422
Gierz I, Riedl C, Starke U, Ast CR, Kern K (2008) Atomic hole doping graphene. Nano Lett 8:4603–4607
Wang X, Li X, Zhang L, Yoon Y, Weber PK, Wang H, Guo J, Dai H (2009) N–doping of graphene through electrothermal reactions with ammonia. Science 324:768–771
Farmer DB, Golizadeh-Mojarad R, Perebeinos V, Lin Y-M, Tulevski GS, Tsang JC, Avouris Ph (2009) Chemical doping and electron–hole asymmetry in graphene devices. Nano Lett 9:388–392
Yan J, Zhang Y, Kim P, Pinczuk A (2007) Electric field effect tuning of electron–phonon coupling in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 98:166802
Pisana S, Lazzeri M, Casiraghi C, Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Ferrari AC, Mauri F (2007) Breakdown of the adiabatic Born–Oppenheimer approximation in graphene. Nat Mater 6:198–201
Das A, Pisana S, Chakraborty B, Piscanec S, Saha SK, Waghmare UV, Novoselov KS, Krishnamurthy HR, Geim AK, Ferrari AC, Sood AK (2008) Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top–gated graphene transistor. Nat Nanotechnol 3:210–215
Casiraghi C, Pisana S, Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Ferrari AC (2007) Raman fingerprint of charged impurities in graphene. Appl Phys Lett 91:233108
Mounet N, Marzari N (2005) First-principles determination of the structural, vibrational and thermodynamic properties of diamond, graphite, and derivatives. Phys Rev B 71:205214
Bao W, Miao F, Chen Z, Zhang H, Jang W, Dames C, Lau CN (2009) Controlled ripple texturing of suspended graphene and ultrathin graphite membranes. Nat Nanotechnol 4:562–566
Bonini N, Lazzeri M, Marzari N, Mauri F (2007) Phonon anharmonicities in graphite and graphene. Phys Rev Lett 99:176802
Calizo I, Balandin AA, Bao W, Miao F, Lau CN (2007) Temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of graphene and graphene multilayers. Nano Lett 7:2645–2649
Allen MJ, Fowler JD, Tung VC, Yang Y, Weiller BH, Kaner RB (2008) Temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy of chemically derived graphene. Appl Phys Lett 93:193119
Chae D–H, Krauss B, von Klitzing K, Smet JH (2010) Hot phonons in an electrically biased graphene constriction. Nano Lett 10:466–471
Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN (2008) Superior thermal conductivity of single–layer graphene. Nano Lett 8:902–907
Cai W, Moore AL, Zhu Y, Li X, Chen S, Shi L, Ruoff RS (2010) Thermal transport in suspended and supported monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett 10:1645–1651
Faugeras C, Faugeras B, Orlita M, Potemski M, Nair RR, Geim AK (2010) Thermal conductivity of graphene in Corbino membrane geometry. ACS Nano 4:1889–1892
Seol JH, Jo I, Moore AL, Lindsay L, Aitken ZH, Pettes MT, Li X, Yao Z, Huang R, Broido D, Mingo N, Ruoff RS, Shi L (2010) Two-dimensional phonon transport in supported graphene. Science 328:213–216
Yoon D, Son YW, Cheong H (2011) Strain-dependent splitting of the double-resonance raman scattering band in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 106:155502
Cançado LG, Pimenta MA, Neves BRA, Dantas MSS, Jorio A (2004) Influence of the atomic structure on the Raman spectra of graphite edges. Phys Rev Lett 93:247401
Casiraghi C, Hartschuh A, Qian H, Piscanec S, Georgi C, Fasoli A, Novoselov KS, Basko DM, Ferrari AC (2009) Raman spectroscopy of graphene edge. Nano Lett 9:1433–1441
You Y, Ni Z, Yu T, Shen Z (2008) Edge chirality determination of graphene by Raman spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 93:163112
Gupta AK, Russin TJ, Gutiérrez HR, Eklund PC (2009) Probing graphene edges via Raman scattering. ACS Nano 3:45–52
Varchon F, Mallet P, Magaud L, Veuillen J–Y (2008) Rotational disorder in few–layer graphene films on 6H–SiC(000–1): a scanning tunneling microscopy study. Phys Rev B 77:165415
Li G, Luican A, Lopes dos Santos JMB, Castro Neto AH, Reina A, Kong J, Andrei EY (2009) Observation of Van Hove singularities in twisted graphene layers. Nat Phys 6:109–113
Poncharal P, Ayari A, Michel T, Sauvajol J–L (2008) Raman spectra of misoriented bilayer graphene. Phys Rev B 78:113407
Ni Z, Wang Y, Yu T, You Y, Shen Z (2008) Reduction of Fermi velocity in folded graphene observed by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 77:235403
Schedin F, Lidorikis E, Lombardo A, Kravets VG, Geim AK, Grigorenko AN, Novoselov KS, Ferrari AC (2010) Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of graphene. ACS Nano 4:5617–5626
Saito Y, Verma P, Masui K, Inouye Y, Kawata S (2009) Nano–scale analysis of graphene layers by tip–enhanced near–field Raman spectroscopy. J Raman Spectrosc 40:1434–1440
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yoon, D., Cheong, H. (2012). Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of Graphene. In: Kumar, C.S.S.R. (eds) Raman Spectroscopy for Nanomaterials Characterization. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20620-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20620-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-20619-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-20620-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)