Skip to main content
Book cover

Handbuch der psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie pp 589–628Cite as

Antidepressiva

  • Chapter

Zusammenfassung

Die Gruppe der Antidepressiva ist hinsichtlich ihrer chemischen Strukturen heterogen, dennoch ist ihnen eine Beeinflussung der monoaminergen Transmission gemeinsam. In welcher Weise die chemische Unterschiedlichkeit auch zu pharmakodynamischen Effekten außerhalb der monoaminergen Mechanismen führt, ist derzeit noch unzureichend erforscht. Zahlreiche, noch in frühen Entwicklungsstadien befindliche Substanzen sind primär auf unterschiedliche Zielstrukturen und Wirkmechanismen gerichtet, die aus der Genetik und Molekularbiologie abgeleitet wurden. Es kann noch nicht abgeschätzt werden, ob sich hieraus grundsätzlich neue und vor allem bessere Therapieoptionen ergeben werden. Obwohl fast alle heute in der Klinik eingesetzten Antidepressiva den aus der Monoamin-Hypothese (Manji et al. 2001; Haenisch u. Bönisch 2011) abgeleiteten Wirkmechanismen folgen, gibt es dennoch pharmakologische Unterschiede, die das klinische Profil der einzelnen Substanzen prägen. Dies hat wichtige Konsequenzen für die Anwendung, v. a. auch bei der Kombination mehrerer Antidepressiva.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19844-1_53
  • Chapter length: 40 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-642-19844-1
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Ables AZ, Banghman OL 3rd (2003) Antidepressants update on new agents and indications. Am Fam Physician 67(3): 547–554

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler LA, Chua HC (2002) Management of ADHD in adults. J Clin Psychiatry 63(Suppl 12): 29–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allgulander C, Florea I, Huusom AK (2005) Prevention of relapse in generalized anxiety disorder by escitalopram treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 9: 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida OFX, Condé GL, Crochemore C et al (2000) Subtle shifts in the ratio between pro- and antiapoptotic molecules after activation of corticosteroid receptors decide neuronal fate. FASEB J 14: 779–790

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altamura CA, Mauri MC, Ferrara A et al (1993) Plasma and platelet excitatory amino acids in psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 150(11): 1731–1733

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altshuler L, Suppes T, Black D et al (2003) Impact of antidepressant discontinuation after acute bipolar depression remission on rates of depressive relapse at 1-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1252–1262

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anacker C, Zunszain PA, Cattaneo A et al (2011) Antidepressants increase human hippocampal neurogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Psychiatry: 16(7): 738–750

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson IM (2000) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord 58: 19–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson IM (2001) Meta-analytical studies on new antidepressants. Br Med Bull 57: 161–178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Hochstrasser B (1994) Recurrent brief depression: the Zurich Study. J Clin Psychiatry 55(Suppl): 3–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Stabl M (1992) Efficacy of moclobemide in different patient groups: a meta-analysis of studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 106(Suppl): 109–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Gamma A, Sellaro R et al (2002) Toward validation of atypical depression in the community: results of the Zurich Cohort Study. J Affect Disord 72: 125–138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Sellaro R, Stassen HH, Gamma A (2005a) Diagnostic conversion from depression to bipolar disorders: results of a long-term prospective study of hospital admissions. J Affect Disord. 84(2–3): 149–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Angst F, Gerber-Werder R, Gamma A (2005b) Suicide in 406 mood disorder patients with and without long-term medication: a 40–44 years’ follow-up. Arch Suicide Res 9: 279–300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anttila SAK, Leinonen EVJ (2001) A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile or mirtazapine. CNS Drugs Rev 3: 249–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Auer DP, Putz B, Kraft E et al (2000) Reduced glutamate in the anterior cingulated cortex in depression: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 47(4): 305–313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bacaltchuk J, Hay P (2003) Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, Update Software, Oxford, pp 1–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Backenstrass M, Frank A, Joest K et al (2006) A comparative study of nonspecific depressive symptoms and minor depression regarding functional impairment and associated characteristics in primary care. Com Psychiatry 47(1): 35–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakish D (1999) The patient with comorbid depression and anxiety: the unmet need. J Clin Psychiatry 60(Suppl 6): 20–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Moller HJ on behalf of the WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (Allgulander C, Ayuso-Gutierrez J, Baldwin D et al) (2008) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders – first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry 9: 248–312

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banki CM, Karmasci L, Bisette G, Nemeroff CB (1992) Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides in dementia. Biol Psychiatry 32(5): 452–456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbui C, Cipriani A, Patel V et al (2011) Efficacy of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in minor depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 198(Suppl 1): 11–16

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barden N, Harvey M, Gagné B (2006) Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes in the chromosome 12Q24.31 region points to P2RX7 as a susceptibility Gene to bipolar affective disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141(4): 374–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer M, Whybrow P, Angst J et al (2002) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders, Part 1: Acute and Continuation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 3: 5–43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer M, Bschor T, Pfennig A et al, Moller HJ; WFSBP Task Force on Unipolar Depressive Disorders (2007) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders in Primary Care. World J Biol Psychiatry 8(2): 67–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bender S, Olbrich HM, Fischer W et al (2003) Antipsychotic efficacy of the antidepressant trimipramine: a double-blind comparison with the phenothiazine perazine. Pharmacopsychiatry 36: 61–69

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benkelfat C, Murphy DL, Zohar J et al (1989) Clomipramine in obsessivecompulsive disorder: further evidence for a serotonergic mechanism of action. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 23–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benkert O, Hippius H (2011) Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie, 8. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Benkert O, Gründer G, Wetzel H (1997) Is there an advantage to venlafaxine in comparison with other antidepressants? Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exper 12(1): 53–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benkert O, Szegedi A, Kohnen R (2000) Mirtazapine compared with paroxetine in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 61: 656–663

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A et al (2000) Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 15;47(4): 351–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Bielski RJ, Ventura D, Chang DD (2004) A double-blind comparison of escitalopram and venlafaxine extended release in the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65: 1190–1196

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder EB, Salyakina D, Lichtner P et al (2004) Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with increased recurrence of depressive episodes and rapid response to antidepressant treatment. Nature Genet 36(12): 1319–1325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder EB, Künzel H, Nickel T, Kern Nl (2009) HPA-axis regulation at in-patient admission is associated with antidepressant therapy outcome in male but not in female depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(1): 99–109

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binneman B, Feltner D, Kolluri S et al (2008) A 6-week randomized, placebocontrolled trial of CP-316,311 (a selective CRH1 antagonist) in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 165(5): 617–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco C, Petkova E, Ibáñez A, Saiz-Ruiz J (2002) A pilot placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine for pathological gambling. Ann Clin Psychiatry 14(1): 9–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blasey CM, Debattista C, Roe R et al (2009) A multisite trial of mifepristone for the treatment of psychotic depression: a site-by-treatment interaction. Contemp Clin Trials 30(4): 284–288

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boldrini M, Underwood MD, Hen R et al (2009) Antidepressants increase neural progenitor cells in the human hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 34(11): 2376–2389

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet U (2003) Moclobemide: therapeutic use and clinical study. CNS Drug Rev 9(1): 97–140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bridge J, Iyengar S, Salary C et al (2007) Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297(15): 1683–1696

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briley M (2003) New hope in the treatment of painful symptoms in depression. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 4(1): 42–45

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Browne G, Steiner M, Roberts J et al (2002) Sertraline and/or interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with dysthymic disorder in primary care: 6-month comparison with longitudinal 2-year follow-up of effectiveness and costs. J Affect Disord 68: 317–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F (2008) A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11(8): 1169–1180

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burrows GD, Maguire KP, Norman TR (1998) Antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 14): 4–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese JR, Huffman RF, White RL et al (2008) Lamotrigine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression: results of five double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trials. Bipol Dis 10(2): 323–333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Psychiatric Association and the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) (2001) Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. Can J Psychiatry 46(Suppl 1): 5S-90S

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter L, Yasmin S, Price L (2002) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of antidepressant augmentation with mirtazapine. Biol Psychiatry 51: 183–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter NJ, McCormack PL (2009) Duloxetine: a review of ist use in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. CNS Drugs 23(6): 523–541

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassano GB, Baldini Rossi N, Pini S (2002) Psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 4: 271–285

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton A, Pradko F, Croft H et al (2002) Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 63(4): 357–366

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coppen A (1967) The biochemistry of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 113: 1237–1264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Couillard-Despres S, Wuertinger C, Kandasamy M et al (2009) Ageing abolishes the effects of fluoxetine on neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 14(9): 856–864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crochemore C, Lu J, Wu Y et al (2005) Direct targeting of hippocampal neurons for apoptosis by glucocorticoids is reversible by mineralocorticoid receptor activation. Mol Psychiatry 10: 790–798

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David DJ, Samuels BA, Rainer Q et al (2009) Neurogenesis-dependent and - independent effects of fluoxetine in an animal model of anxiety/depression. Neuron 62(4): 479–493

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Lima MS, Hotopf M (2003) A comparison of active drugs for the treatment of dysthymia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD00404

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lima MS, Montcrieff J (2000) Drugs versus placebo for dysthymia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD001130

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • deBattista C, Belanoff J, Glass S et al (2006) Mifepristone versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis in patients with psychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 60(12): 1343–1349

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCaria CM, Hollander E, Grossman R et al (1996) Diagnosis, neurobiology and treatment of pathological gambling. J Clin Psychiatry 57(Suppl 8): 80–84

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bodinat C, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Mocaer E et al (2010) Agomelatine, the first melatonergic antidepressant: discovery, characterization and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9(8): 628–642

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delini-Stula A, Lorenz J, Holsboer-Trachsler E (2002) Pflanzliche Antidepressiva. Schweiz Med Forum (PRAXIS) 48: 1146–1154

    Google Scholar 

  • Diem SJ, Blackwell TL, Stone KL et al (2007) Use of antidepressants and rates of hip bone loss in older women (The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures). Arch Intern Med 167: 1240–1245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimmock PW, Wyatt KM, Jones PW et al (2000) Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. Lancet 356: 1131–1136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Djonova J, Stoller R (2005) Interaktionen von Arzneimitteln mit Hypericum; Aktualisierung der Arzneimittelinformationen. Schweiz Ärztezeitung 86(48): 2657–2658

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong C, Wong ML, Licinio J (2009) Sequence variations of ABCB1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, CREB1, CRHR1 and NTRK2: association with major depression and antidepressant response in Mexican-Americans. Mol Psychiatry 14(12): 11051118

    Google Scholar 

  • Duman RS (2004) Role of neurotrophic factors in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders. Neuromol Med 5(1): 11–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Entsuah A, Rudolph R, Hackett D, Miska S (1996) Efficacy of venlafaxine and placebo during long-term treatment of depression: a pooled analysis of relapse rates. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11: 137–145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyding D, Lelgemann M, Grouven U et al (2010) Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials. BMJ 341: c4737

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fava M, Rush AJ, Thase ME et al (2005) 15 years clinical experience with bupropion HCI: From bupropion to bupropion SR to bupropion XL. Prime Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 7: 106–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Fava M, Rush AJ, Wisniewski S et al (2006) A comparison of mirtazapine and nortriptyline following two consecutive failed medication treatments for depressed outpatients: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 163(7): 1161–1172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fawcett J, Barkin RL (1998) A meta-analysis of eight randomized, doubleblind, controlled clinical trials of mirtazapine for the treatment of patients with major depression and symptoms of anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 59: 123–127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) (2007) FDA proposes new warnings about suicidal thinking, behavior in young adults who take antidepressant medications. FDA News, May 2: P07–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson D, Doucette S, Glass KC et al (2005) Association between suicide attempts and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br Med J 330: 396–403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnerup N, Otto M, McQuay HJ et al (2005) Algorithm for neuropathic pain treatment: an evidence based proposal. Pain 118(3): 289–305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbain D (2000) Evidence-based data on pain relief with antidepressants. Ann Med 32: 305–316

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flores BH, Kenna H, Keller J et al (2006) Clinical and biological effects of mifepristone treatment for psychotic depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 31(12): 628–636

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel MJ et al (1993) Comparison of full-dose versus halfdose pharmacotherapy in the maintenance treatment of recurrent depression. J Affect Disord 27: 139–145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman EW (2002) Treatment of depression associated with the menstrual cycle: premenstrual dysphoria, postpartum depression, and the perimenopause. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 4: 177–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Frieboes RM, Sonntag A, Yassouridis A et al (2003) Clinical outcome after trimipramine in patients with delusional depression – a pilot study. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(1): 12–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frodl T, Meisenzahl EM, Zetzsche T et al (2002) Hippocampal changes in patients with a first episode of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 159: 1112–1118

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frye MA, Tsai GE, Huggins T et al (2007) Low cerebrospinal fluid glutamate and glycine in refractory affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 61(2):162–166

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fulda S, Wetter TC (2007) Diagnostic algorithm for sleep-related movement disorders (SRMD) in: Kushida CA (ed) Handbook of sleep disorders, 2nd edn. Informa Healthcare, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Garriock HA Kraft JB, Shyn SI et al (2010) A genomewide association study of citalopram response in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 67(2): 133–138

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gatti F, Bellini L, Gasperini M et al (1996) Fluvoxamine alone in the treatment of delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 153: 414–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geddes JR, Freemantle N, Mason J et al (2001) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) for depression (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, Update Software, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C et al (2003) Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet 361: 653–661

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gijsman HJ, Geddes JR, Rendell JM et al (2004) Antidepressants for bipolar depression: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 161: 1537–1547

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmor ML, Owens M, Nemeroff C (2002) Inhibition of norepinephrine uptake in patients with major depression treated with paroxetine. Am J Psychiatry 159(10): 1702–1710

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glassman AH, O’Connor CM, Califf RM et al (2002) Sertraline antidepressant heart attack randomized trial (SADHART). Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA 288: 701–709

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr (2007) Antidepressants in coronary heart disease: SSRIs reduce depression, but do they save lives? JAMA 297(4): 411–412

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr, Gaffney M (2009) Psychiatric characteristics associated with long-term mortality among 361 patients having an acute coronary syndrome and major depression: seven-year follow-up of SADHART participants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(9): 1022–1029

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorman JM, Korotzer A, Su G (2002) Efficacy comparison of escitalopram and citalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder; pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials. CNS Spectrums 7(Suppl 1): 40–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grace S, Abbey S, Kapral M et al (2005) Effects of depression on five year mortality after an acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol 96: 1179–1185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griep EN, Boersma JW, Lentjes EG et al (1998) Function of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis in patients with fibromyalgia and low back pain. J Rheumatol 25(7): 1374–1381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gur T, Conti A, Holden J et al (2007) cAMP response element-binding protein deficiency allows for increased neurogenesis and a rapid onset of antidepressant response. J Neurosci 27(29): 7860–7868

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haenisch B, Bonisch H (2011) Depression and antidepressants: insights from knockout of dopamine, serotonin or noradrenaline re-uptake transporters. Pharmacol Ther 129(3): 352–356

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hageman I, Andersen HS, Jorgensen MB (2001) Post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of psychobiology and pharmacotherapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104: 411–422

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajos M, Fleishaker JC, Filipiak-Reisner JK et al (2004) The selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant reboxetine: pharmacological and clinical profile. CNS Drug Rev 10: 23–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzinger M, Hemmeter UM, Baumann K, Holsboer-Trachsler E (2002) The combined DEX-CRH test in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression. J Psychiatr Res 36: 287–297

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzinger M, Hemmeter UM, Brand S et al (2004) Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep profiles in treatment course and long-term outcome of major depression: association with DEX/CRH-test response. J Psychiatric Res 38: 453–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Heim C, Nemeroff C (2001) The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry 49: 1023–1039

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henkel V, Mergl R, Coyne JC et al (2004) Depression with atypical features in a sample of primary care outpatients, prevalence, specific characteristics and consequences. J Affect Disord 83: 237–242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hennings J, Owashi T, Binder E et al (2009) Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in a representative sample of depressed inpatients – findings from the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project. J Psychiatr Res. J43(3): 215–229

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herr SA, Tsoulakidou AF, Yassouridis A et al T (2003) Antidepressants differentially influence the transcriptional activity of the glucocorticoid receptor in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 78(1): 12–22

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser I, Bissette G, Dettling M et al (1998) Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and somatostatin in depressed patients and healthy controls: response to amitriptyline treatment. Depress Anxiety 8(2): 71–79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilger E, Praschak-Rieder N, Willeit M et al (2002) Pharmakotherapie in saisonaler Depression. Nervenarzt 73(1): 22–29

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfeld R (2003) Long-term side effects of SSRIs: sexual dysfunction and weight gain. J Clin Psychiatry 64(Suppl 18): 20–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn-Saric R, Ninan P, Black DW et al (2000) Multicenter double-blind comparison of sertraline and desipramine for concurrent obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 76–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hohagen F, Fritsch Montero R, Weiss E et al (1994) Treatment of primary insomnia with trimipramine: an alternation to benzodiazepine hypnotics? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 244: 65–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollon SD, Shelton RC, Wisniewski S et al (2006) Presenting characteristics of depressed outpatients as a function of recurrence: Preliminary findings from the STAR*D clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res 40: 59–69

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F (1999a) Molekulare Mechanismen der Depressionstherapie. In: Ganten D, Ruckpaul K (Hrsg) Handbuch der Molekularen Medizin, Bd 5: Erkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 273–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F (1999b) The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 33: 181–214

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F (2000) The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 23: 477–501

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F (2001) Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implications for therapy. J Affect Disord 62: 77–91

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F (2008) How can we realize the promise of personalized antidepressant medicines? Nat Rev Neurosci 9(8): 638–646

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F, Barden N (1996) Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation. Endocr Rev 17(2): 187–205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F, Ising M (2010) Stress hormone regulation: biological role and translation into therapy. Annu Rev Psychol 61: 81–109

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer F, Liebl R, Hofschuster E (1982) Repeated dexamethasone suppression test during depressive illness. Normalisation of test result compared with clinical improvement. J Affect Disord 4(2): 93–101

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer-Trachsler E (2003) Die Therapie der Depression in der Neurorehabilitation und die neurobiologischen Wirkmechanismen. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 154(8): 431–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer-Trachsler E, Seifritz E (2001) Sleep disorders: psychiatric aspects. In: Sabshin M, Holsboer F (eds) International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. Elsevier Science, New York, pp 14166–14172

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer-Trachsler E, Stohler R, Hatzinger M (1991) Repeated administration of the combined dexamethasone-human corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation test during treatment of depression. Psychiatry Res 38: 163–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer-Trachsler E, Hemmeter U, Hatzinger M et al (1994) Sleep deprivation and bright light as potential augmenters of antidepressant drug treatment – neurobiological and psychometric assessment of course. J Psychiatr Res 28: 381–399

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S, Hatzinger M, Hemmeter U (2001) Effects of hypericum extract on sleep-EEG and Dex-CRH-test in patients with depression. Biol Psychiatry 49: 9S

    Google Scholar 

  • Horstmann S, Dose T, Lucae S (2009) Suppressive effect of mirtazapine on the HPA system in acutely depressed women seems to be transient and not related to antidepressant action. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(2): 238–248

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horstmann S., Lucae S. Menke A et al (2010) Polymorphisms in GRIK4, HTR2A, and FKBP5 show interactive effects in predicting remission to antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 35(3): 727–740

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu XZ, Rush AJ, Charney D et al (2007) Association between a functional serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and citalopram treatment in adult outpatients with major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(7): 783–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iancu I, Lowengrub K, Dembinsky Y et al (2008) Pathological gambling: an update on neuropathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. CNS Drugs 22(2): 123–138

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ising M, Kunzel H, Binder EB et al (2005) The combined dexamethasone/CRH test as a potential surrogate marker in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29(6): 1085–1089

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ising M, Horstmann S, Kloiber S et al (2007) Combined dexamethasone/corticotrophin releasing hormone test predicts treatment response in major depression – a potential biomarker? Biol Psychiatry 62(1): 47–54

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ising, M, Lucae S, Binder EB et al (2009) A genome-wide association study points to multiple loci predicting treatment outcome in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(9): 966–975

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce PR, Paykel ES (1989) Predictors of drug response in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 89–99

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judd LL, Paulus MJ, Schettler PJ et al (2000) Does incomplete recovery from first lifetime major depressive episode herald a chronic course of illness? Am J Psychiatry 157: 1501–1504

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasper S (1995) Clinical efficacy of mirtazapine: a review of meta-analysis of pooled data. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 10(Suppl): 25–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasper S (2001) Hypericum perforatum – a review of clinical studies. Pharmacopsychiatry 34(Suppl 1): S51-S55

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato M, Serretti A (2010) Review and meta-analysis of antidepressant pharmacogenetic findings in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 15(5): 473–500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato M, Fukuda T, Serretti A et al (2008) ABCB1 (MDR1) gene polymorphisms are associated with the clinical response to paroxetine in patients with major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32(2): 398–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keers R et al (2011) Interaction between serotonin transporter gene variants and life events predicts response to antidepressants in the GENDEP project. Pharmacogenom J 11(2): 138–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy SH, Emsley R (2006) Placebo-controlled trial of agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 16(2): 93–100

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan SA, Faraone SV (2006) The genetics of ADHD: a literature review of 2005. Curr Psychiatry Rep 8(5): 393–397

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan A, Khan S, Kolts R, Brown WA (2003) Suicide rates in clinical trials of SSRI’s, other antidepressants and placebo: analysis of FDA reports. Am J Psychiatry 160: 790–792

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kielholz P (1971) Diagnose und Therapie der Depression fur den Praktiker, 3. Aufl. Lehmanns, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchheiner J, Brockmoller J (2005) Clinical consequences of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77(1): 1–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kloiber S, Ising M, Reppermund S et al (2007) Overweight and obesity affect treatment response in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 62(4): 321–326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kornstein SG (2006) Beyond remission: rationale and design of the prevention of recurrent episodes of depression with venlafaxine for two years (PREVENT) study. CNS Spectr 12(Suppl 15): 28–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraft JB et al (2007) Analysis of association between the serotonin transporter and antidepressant response in a large clinical sample. Biol Psychiatry 61(6): 734–742

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn R (1957) Über die Behandlung depressiver Zustände mit einem Iminodibenzylderivat (G 22355). Schweiz Med Wochenschr 87: 1135–1140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn HG, Dickinson-Anson H, Gage FH (1996) Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation. J Neurosci 16: 2027–2033

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kunzel HE, Ackl N, Hatzinger M et al (2009) Outcome in delusional depression comparing trimipramine monotherapy with a combination of amitriptyline and haloperidol – a double blind multicenter trial. J Psychiatr Res 43: 702–710

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer DJ (1993) Management of recurrent depression. J Clin Psychiatry 54(Suppl 2): 29–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Perel JM et al (1992) Five-year outcome for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 769–773

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YC, Chen PP (2010) A review of SSRIs and SNRIs in neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11(17): 2813–2825

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lekman M, Laje G, Charney D et al (2008) The FKBP5-Gene in depression and treatment response-an association study in the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR*D) cohort. Biol Psychiatry 63(12): 1103–1110

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenard N, Berthoud HR (2008) Cental and peripheral regulation of food intake and physical activity: pathway and genes. Obesity 16(Suppl 3): 11–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepine JP, Caillard V, Bisserbe JC et al (2004) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline for prophylactic treatment of highly recurrent major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 161: 836–842

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Koszycki D et al (2007) Effects of citalopram and interpersonal psychotherapy on depression in patients with coronary artery disease. The Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy (CREATE) Trial. JAMA 297(4): 367–379

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis G, Julligan J, Wiles N et al (2011) Polymorphism of the 5-HT transporter and response to antidepressants: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 198: 464–471

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li N, Lee B, Liu RJ et al (2010) mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science 329(5994): 959–964

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin KM, Chiu YF, Tsai IJ et al (2011) ABCB1 gene polymorphisms are associated with the severity of major depressive disorder and its response to escitalopram treatment. Pharmacogenet Genomics 21(4): 163–170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linde K, Berner M, Egger M, Mulrow C (2005) St. John’s wort: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry 186: 99–107

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llorca PM, Azorin JM, Despiegel N, Verpillat P (2005) Efficacy of escitalopram in patients with severe depression: a pooled analysis. Int J Clin Pract 3: 268–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonnqvist J, Sihvo S, Syvalahti E, Kiviruusu O (1994) Moclobemide and fluoxetine in atypical depression: a double-blind trial. J Affect Disord 32(3):169–177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loo H, Hale A, D’haenen H (2002) Determination of the dose of agomelatine, a melatoninergic agonist and selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist, in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled dose range study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 17: 239–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotufo-Neto F, Trivedi M, Thase ME (1999) Meta-analysis of the reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A moclobemide and brofaromine for the treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 20: 226–247

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucae S, Salyakina D, Barden N (2006) P2RX7, a gene coding for a purinergic ligand-gated ion channel, is associated with major depressive disorder. Hum Mol Genet 15: 2438–2445

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malberg J, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS (2000) Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 20(24): 9104–9110

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mallinckrodt CH, Goldstein DJ, Detke MJ et al (2003) Duloxetine: a new treatment of the emotional and physical symptoms of depression. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 5: 19–28

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mallinckrodt CH, Watkin JG, Liu C et al (2005) Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a comparison of efficacy in patients with and without melancholic features. BMC Psychiatry 5: 1

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manganas L, Zhang X, Li Y et al (2007) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies neural progenitor cells in the live human brain. Science 318: 980–985

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manji H, Drevets W, Charney D (2001) The cellular neurobiology of depression. Nat Med 7(5): 541–547

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCann DU, Agras WS (1990) Successful treatment of compulsive binge eating with desipramine: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1509–1513

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath P, Stewart J, Fava M et al (2006) Tranylcypromine versus venlafaxine plus mirtazapine following three failed antidepressant medication trials for depression: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 163(9): 1531–1541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon FJ, Buervenich S, Charney D et al (2006) Variation in the gene encoding the serotonin 2A receptor is associated with outcome of antidepressant treatment. Am J Hum Genet 78(5): 804–814

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon F, Akula N, Schulze T et al and the BiGs Consortium (2010) Metaanalysis of genome-wide association data detects a risk locus for major mood disorders on chromosome 3p21. 1 Nat Genet 42: 128–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merali Z, Khan S, Michaud DS et al (2004) Does amygdaloid corticotropinreleasing hormone (CRH) mediate anxiety-like behaviors? Dissociation of anxiogenic effects and CRH release. Eur J Neurosci 20(1): 229–239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers BS, Flint AJ, Rothschild AJ et al (2009) A double-blind randomized controlled trial of olanzapine plus sertraline vs olanzapine plus placebo for psychotic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 838–847

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micó J, Ardid D, Berrocoso E, Eschalier A (2006) Antidepressants and pain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27(7): 348–354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan MJ, Gobert A, Lejeune F et al (2003) The novel melatonin agonist agomelatine (S20098) is an antagonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors, blockade of which enhances the activity of frontocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306: 954–964

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Möller HJ, Grunze H, Broich K (2006) Do recent efficacy data on the drug treatment of acute bipolar depression support the position that drugs other than antidepressants are the treatment of choice? A conceptual review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256(1): 1–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery SA (2002) Dopaminergic deficit and the role of amisulpride in the treatment of mood disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 17(Suppl 4): S9-S15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery SA, Entsuah R, Hackett D et al; Venlafaxine 335 Study Group (2004a) Venlafaxine versus placebo in the preventive treatment of recurrent major depression. J Clin Psychiatry 65: 328–336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery SA, Kennedy SH, Burrows GD et al (2004b) Absence of discontinuation symptoms with agomelatine and occurrence of discontinuation symptoms with paroxetine: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled discontinuation study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 271–280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery SA, Nil R, Dürr-Pal N et al (2005) A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of escitalopram for the prevention of generalized social anxiety order. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 1270–1278

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mrazek DA et al (2008) SLC6A4 variation and citalopram response. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 150B(3): 341–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller TI, Leon AC, Keller MB et al (1999) Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 156: 1000–1006

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller WE, Singer A, Wonnemann M (2001) Hyperforin – antidepressant activity by a novel mechanism of action. Pharmacopsychiatry 34(Suppl 1): 98–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller MB, Zimmermann S, Sillaber I et al (2003) Limbic corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 mediates anxiety-related behavior and hormonal adaptation to stress. Nat Neurosci 6: 1100–1107

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy PA, Kern SE, Stanczyk FZ, Westhoff CL (2005) Interaction of St. John’s wort with oral contraceptives: effects of the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding. Contraception 71: 402–408

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakash-Eisikovits, Dierberger A, Westen D (2002) A multidimensional metaanalysis of pharmacotherapy for bulimia nervosa: summarizing the range of outcomes in controlled clinical trials. Harvard Rev Psychiatry July/August: 193–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemeroff CB, Widerlöv E, Bissette G et al (1984) Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 226(4680): 1342–1344

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeroff CB, Schatzberg AF, Goldstein DJ et al (2002) Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 36: 106–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Trivedi MH et al (2006) A comparison of lithium and T3 augmentation following two failed medication treatments for depression: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 163: 1519–1530

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nierenberg AA, Trivedi MH, Fava M et al (2007) Family history of mood disorder and characteristics of major depressive disorder: a STAR*D (sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression). Psychiatr Res 41(3–4): 214–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Olie JP, Emsley R (2005) Confirmed clinical efficacy of agomelatine (25–50 mg) in major depression: two randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15: S416

    Google Scholar 

  • Oscarson M (2003) Pharmacogenetics of drug metabolising enzymes: importance for personalised medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med 41(4): 573–580

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paddock S, Laje G, Charney D et al (2007) Association of GRIK4 with outcome of antidepressant treatment in the STAR*D cohort. Am J Psychiatry 164(8): 1181–1188

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papakostas GI, Fava M (2006) A meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing Milnacipran, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17(1): 32–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paykel ES (1972) Depressive typologies and response to amitriptyline. Br J Psychiatry 120: 147–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paykel ES (1998) Remission and residual symptomatology in major depression. Psychopathology 31: 5–14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perahia DGS, Maina G, Thase ME et al (2009) Duloxetine in the prevention of depressive recurrences: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 70(5): 706–716

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perlis RH, Fijal B, Dharia S et al (2010) Failure to replicate genetic associations with antidepressant treatment response in duloxetine-treated patients. Biol Psychiatry 67(11): 1110–1113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry PJ (1996) Pharmacotherapy for major depression with melancholic features: relative efficacy of tricyclic versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. J Affect Disord 39: 1–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters EJ, Slager SL, Kraft JB et al (2008) Pharmacokinetic genes do not influence response or tolerance to citalopram in the STAR*D sample. PLoS One 3(4): e1872

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Post RM (2007) Role of BDNF in bipolar and unipolar disorder: clinical and theoretical implications. J Psychiatr R 41(12): 979–990

    Google Scholar 

  • Preskorn SH (1997) Clinically relevant pharmacology of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an overview with emphasis on pharmacokinetics and effects on oxidative drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet 32(Suppl 1): 1–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purba JS, Hoogendijk WJ, Hofman MA, Swaab DF (1996) Increased number of vasopressin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(2): 137–143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raadsheer FC, Hoogendijk FC, Stam FC et al (1994) Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 60(4): 436–444

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin A, Crook TA (1976) The endogenous-neurotic distinction as a predictor of response to antidepressant drugs. Psychol Med 6: 59–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen A, Lunde M, Poulsen DL et al (2003) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of sertraline in the prevention of depression in stroke patients. Psychosomatics 44 (3): 216–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renynghe de Voxurie GE (1968) Anafranil (g34586) in obsessive neurosis. Acta Neurol Belg 68: 787–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Reul JM, Stec I, Söder M, Holsboer F (1993) Chronic treatment of rats with the antidepressant amitriptyline attenuates the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system. Endocrinology 133(1): 312–320

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reul JM, Labeur MS, Grigoriadis DE et al (1994) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis changes in the rat after long-term treatment with the reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor moclobemide. Neuroendocrinology 60(5):509–519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds III C, Dew M, Pollock B et al (2006) Maintenance treatment of major depression in old age. N Engl J Med 354(11): 1130–1138

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards JB, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD et al; for the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) Research Group (2007) Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the risk of fracture. Arch Intern Med 167: 188–194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Moser DJ et al (2008) Escitalopram and problemsolving therapy for prevention of poststroke depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299(20): 2391–2400

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rocca P, Fonzo V, Ravizza L et al (2002) A comparison of paroxetine and amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymic disorder. J Affect Disord 70(3): 313–317

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roose JP, Lagrissi-Thode F, Kennedy JS et al (1998) Comparison of paroxetine and nortriptyline in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. JAMA 279(4): 287–291

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild AJ (2003) Challenges in the treatment of depression with psychotic features. Biol Psychiatry 53: 680–690

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild AJ, Samson JA, Bessette MP, Carter-Campbell JT (1993) Efficacy of the combination of fluoxetine and perphenazine in the treatment of psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 54: 338–342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph RL, Entsuah R, Chitra R (1998) A meta-analysis of the effects of venlafaxine on anxiety associated with depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18: 136–144

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR et al; STAR*D Study Team (2006) Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 354(12): 1231–1242

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR et al (2007) Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med 356: 1711–1722

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Anderer P, Arnold O, Saletu B (2003) Confirmation of the neurophysiologically predicted therapeutic effects of trazodone on its target symptoms depression, anxiety and insomnia by postmarketing clinical studies with a controlled-release formulation in depressed outpatients. Neuropsychobiology 48(4): 194–208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C et al (2003) Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301(5634): 805–809

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarginson JE, Lazzeroni LC, Ryan HS et al (2010) ABCB1 (MDR1) polymorphisms and antidepressant response in geriatric depression. Pharmacogenet Genomics 20(8): 467–475

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sartorius N, Ustun TB (1995) Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. Psychopathology 28(Suppl 1): 21–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schatzberg AF (2000) New indications for antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 61(Suppl 11): 9–17

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schatzberg AF (2003) New approaches to managing psychotic depression. J Clin Psychiatry 64(Suppl 1): 19–23

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schatzberg AF, Rothschild A, Langlais PJ et al (1985) A corticosteroid/dopamine hypothesis for psychotric depression and related states. J Psychiatr Res 19: 57–64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schatzberg AF, Blier P, Delgado P et al (2006) Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome: consensus panel recommendations for clinical management and additional research. J Clin Psychiatry 67(Suppl 4): 27–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schildkraut JJ (1965) The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 122: 509–522

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt HD, Duman RS (2010) Peripheral BDNF produces antidepressantlike effects in cellular and behavioral models. Neuropsychopharmacology 35(12): 2378–2391

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer I, Burrows G, Tuckwell V et al (2001) Sustained response to openlabel venlafaxine in drug-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21: 185–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sen S, Duman R, Sanacora G (2008) Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medications: meta-analyses and implications. Biol Psychiatry 64(6): 527–532

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serretti A et al (2007) Meta-analysis of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) association with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy in depressed patients. Mol Psychiatry 12(3): 247–257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheline YI, Sanghavi M, Mintun MA, Gado MH (1999) Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci 19: 5034–5043

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Okamura N et al (2003) Alterations of serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients with or without antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry 54(1): 70–75

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon G, Katon W, Lin E et al (2007) Cost-effectiveness of systematic depression treatment among people with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(1): 65–72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson GM, Lee HL, Cuche Z et al (1976) Two doses of imipramine in hospitalized endogenous and neurotic depressions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33: 1093–1102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smeraldi E, Zanardi R, Benedetti F et al (2002) Polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene and antidepressant efficacy of fluvoxamine. Mol Psychiatry 3: 508–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith LA, Cornelius VR, Azorin JM et al (2010) Valproate for the treatment of acute bipolar depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 122(1–2): 1–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sogaard J, Lane R, Latimer P et al (1999) A 12-week study comparing moclobemide and sertraline in the treatment of outpatients with atypical depression. J Psychopharmacol 13(4): 406–414

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TJ, Biederman J (2002) Non-stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Attention Disord 6(Suppl 1): 109–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Wilens TE, Faraone SV (2002a) Overview and neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63(Suppl 12): 3–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Wilens TE, Faraone SV (2002b) Novel treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. J Clin Psychiatry 63(Suppl 12): 16–22

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiker DD, Weiss JC, Dealy RS et al (1985) The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 142: 430–436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl SM (2000) Essential psychopharmacology. Neuroscientific basis and practical applications, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahl MS (2005) Essential psychopharmacology. The prescriber’s guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Stassen HH, Angst J, Delini-Stula A (1997) Delayed onset of action of antidepressants? Survey of recent results. Eur Psychiatry 12: 166–176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein DJ, Wreford Andersen E, Tonnoir B, Fineberg N (2007) Escitalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, paroxetine- referenced, fixed-dose, 24-week study. Curr Med Res Opin 23(4): 701–711

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein DJ, Ahokas AA, de Bodinat C (2008) Efficacy of agomelatine in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28: 561–566

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surget A, Tanti A, Leonardo ED et al (2011) Antidepressant recruit new neurons to improve stress response regulation. Mol Psychiatry, epub ahead of print

    Google Scholar 

  • Swindle RW, Rosenbaum JF, Mallinckrodt CH et al (2004) Efficacy of duloxetine treatment: analysis of pooled data from six placebo- and SSRI-controlled clinical trials. Poster, CINP, Paris, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenn CC, Niles LP (1997) The antidopaminergic action of S-20098 is mediated by benzodiazepine/GABA(A) receptors in the striatum. Brain Res 756: 293–296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tfilin M, Sudai E, Merenlander A et al (2010) Mesenchymal stem cells increase hippocampal neurogenesis and counteract depressive-like behaviour. Mol Psychiatry 5(12): 1164–1175

    Google Scholar 

  • Thase ME (2002) What role do atypical antipsychotic drugs have in treatment- resistant depression? J Clin Psychiatry 63: 95–103

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ (1995) MAOIs in the contemporary treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 12: 185–219

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thase M, Entsuah A, Rudolph R (2001) Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry 178: 234–241

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thase ME, Haight BR, Richard N et al (2005) Remission rates following antidepressant therapy with bupropion or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis of original data from 7 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 974–981

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group (2002) Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) in major depressive disorder. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 287: 1807–1814

    Google Scholar 

  • The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases an 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447(7145): 661–678

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thoren P, Asberg M, Cronholm B et al (1980) Clomipramine treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder. I. A controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37: 1281–1285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timpl P, Spanagel R, Sillaber I et al (1998) Impaired stress response and reduced anxiety in mice lacking a functional corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Nat Genet 19(2): 162–166

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi M, Fava M, Wisniewski S et al (2006a) Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med 354: 1243–1252

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR et al (2006b) Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 163: 28–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uher R, Huezo-Diaz P, Perroud N et al (2009) Genetic predictors of response to antidepressants in the GENDEP project. Pharmacogenomics J 9(4): 225–233

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uher R, Perroud N, Ng MY et al (2010) Genome-wide pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response in the GENDEP project. Am J Psychiatry 167(5): 555–564

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhr M, Steckler T, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F (2000) Penetration of amitriptyline, but not fluoxetine, into brain is enhanced in mice with blood-brain barrier deficiency due to mdr 1a P-glycoprotein gene disruption. Neuropsychopharmacology 22: 380–387

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhr M, Grauer M, Holsboer F (2003) Differential enhancement of antidepressant penetration into the brain in mice with abcb ab (mdr1ab) P-glycoprotein gene disruption. Biol Psychiatry 54: 840–846

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhr M, Tontsch A, Namendorf C et al (2008) Polymorphisms in the drug transporter gene ABCB1 predict antidepressant treatment response in depression. Neuron 57(2): 203–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Üstün TB, Sartorius N (1995) Mental illness in general health care: an international study. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Valuck RJ, Orton HE, Libby AM (2009) Antidepressant discontinuation and risk of suicide attempt: a retrospective, nested case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry 70: 1069–1078

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Lely AJ, Foeken K, Van Der Mast RC, Lamberts SW (1991) Rapid reversal of acute psychosis in the Cushing syndrome with the cortisol-receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU 486). Ann Intern Med 114(2): 143–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Linden GJ, Stein DJ, van Balkom AJ (2000) The efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for social anxiety disorder (social phobia): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 15(Suppl 2): S15–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Rossum EF et al (2006) Polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptorgene and major depression. Biol Psychiatry 59(8): 681–688

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos T, Haby M, Barendregt J et al (2004) The burden of major depression avoidable by longer-term treatment strategies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(11): 1097–103

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JW, David DJ, Monckton JE et al (2008) Chronic fluoxetine stimulates maturation and synaptic plasticity of adult-born hippocampal granule cells. J Neurosci 28(6): 1374–1384

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihs KL, Houser TL, Batey SR et al (2002) Continuation phase treatment with bupropion SR effectively decreases the risk of relapse of depression. Biol Psychiatry 51: 753–761

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wijkstra J, Lijmer J, Balk FJ et al (2006) Pharmacological treatment for unipolar psychotic depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 188: 410–415

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilens TE, Decker MW (2007) Neuronal nicotinic receptor agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: focus on cognition. Biochem Pharmacol 74(8): 1212–1223

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Castren E (2009) Co-treatment with diazepam prevents the effects of fluoxetine on the proliferation and survival of hippocampal dentate granule cells. Biol Psych 66(1) :5–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada M, Iwabuchi T, Takahashi K et al (2005) Identification and expression of frizzled-3 protein in rat frontal cortex after antidepressant and electroconvulsive treatment, J Pharmacol Sci 99(3): 239–246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R (2001) Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 62(Suppl 17): 41–46

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youdim M, Edmondson D, Tipton K (2006) The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nature Rev Neurosci 7(4): 295–309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanardi R, Benedetti F, Di Bella D et al (1996) Efficacy of paroxetine in depression is influenced by a functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20: 105–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ et al (2006) A randomized trial of an Nmethyl- D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(8): 856–864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao C, Deng W, Gage FH (2008) Mechanisms and function implications of adult neurogenesis. Cell 132(4): 645–660

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu AJ, Walsh BT (2002) Pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders. Can J Psychiatry 47(3): 227–234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotos DP (2005) Recent advances in melatonin receptor ligands. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 338: 229–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zobel AW, Nickel T, Kunzel HE et al (2000) Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated. J Psychiatr Res 3: 171–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohar J, Insel TR, Zohar-Kadouch RC et al (1988) Serotonergic responsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of chronic clomipramine treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 167–172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zou YF, Wang F, Feng XL et al (2010) Meta-analysis of FKBP5 gene polymorphisms association with treatment response in patients with mood disorders. Neurosci Lett 484(1): 56–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung für Depressionsforschung, Schlafmedizin und Neurophysiologie, Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4025, Basel, Schweiz

    Prof. Dr. Edith Holsboer-Trachsler

  2. Max-Planck-Instituts für Psychiatrie, Kraepelinstr. 2–10, 80804, München

    Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. h. c. Florian Holsboer (Direktor)

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. h. c. Florian Holsboer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen

    Prof. Dr. med. Gerhard Gründer

  2. Luisenstr. 19, 55124, Mainz

    Prof. Dr. med. Otto Benkert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Holsboer, F. (2012). Antidepressiva. In: Gründer, G., Benkert, O. (eds) Handbuch der psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19844-1_53

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19844-1_53

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19843-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-19844-1

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)