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The EU Energy Policy After the Lisbon Treaty

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Financial Aspects in Energy

Abstract

The Lisbon Treaty led to a major modification of EU Primary Law and pushed the boundaries of European integration forward to the next level. Especially the energy sector has been the subject of significant amendments due to the introduction of an own chapter titled XXI “Energy” in Art. 194 TFEU, a novelty in EU history. In this chapter we will therefore mainly focus on an in-depth analysis of Art. 194 TFEU and in particular on the question whether the EU has gained supplementary competencies in the field of energy - or not. Additionally the further energy-related competencies given by TFEU as well as the Energy Charter Treaty will be discussed in order to evaluate the EU's power to conclude energy supply related measures on a international level and concerning third countries. The paper concludes with an outlook on new tendencies in the EU's secondary law, especially in terms of Internal Market as well as environment and climate protection related aspects.

The article is based on investigations within the international and interdisciplinary research project UNECOM “Unbundling of Energy Companies – will it be worth it?”, see for further information www.unecom.de. Prof. Dr. Johann-Christian Pielow is Managing Director of the Institute for Mining and Energy Law of the Ruhr University in Bochum (Germany); Ms. Dipl.-Jur. Britta Janina Lewendel is research fellow at the same Institute.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See OJ C 306 of 17 December 2007.

  2. 2.

    The import dependency of the 27 EU-Member States totaled up to 53.8% in 2006 for the primary sources of energy: petroleum, natural gas and solid fuel, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/statistics/part_2_energy_pocket_book_2009.pdf, Chapter 2.2.3.; Hobe, Energiepolitik, EuR, (2009), Supplement 1, p. 219.

  3. 3.

    See: Communication from the Commission, Second Strategic Energy Review: an EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan, COM (2008), 781 final; Kuhlmann, Kompetenzrechtliche Neuerungen im europäischen Energierecht nach dem Vertrag von Lissabon –Working paper 79 of the Research Institute for European Affairs at the Vienna University of Economics and Business, p. 8, http://epub.wu-wien.ac.at/dyn/virlib/wp/eng/mediate/epub-wu-01_d96.pdf?ID=epub-wu-01_d96

  4. 4.

    The initially third organization, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) expired in 2002 after 50 years of validity.

  5. 5.

    Compare: Bergmann, Bericht aus Europa: Vertrag von Lissabon und aktuelle Rechtsprechung, DÖV (2008), p. 305, 306; Streinz/Ohler/Hermann, Der Vertrag von Lissabon zur Reform der EU (2008), 31; Martenczuk, Die Kooperation der Europäischen Union mit Entwicklungsländern und Drittstaaten und der Vertrag von Lissabon, EuR (2008) p. 36p.

  6. 6.

    See supra note 3: Bergmann, p. 305; Streinz, Ohler, Hermann, p. 17, 30.

  7. 7.

    See: see Kahl, Die Kompetenzen der EU in der Energiepolitik nach Lissabon, EuR (2009), p. 604.

  8. 8.

    Compare for an overview about the developments in the nuclear sector in Germany: Pielow, Koopmann, Ehlers: Energy Law in Germany, in Roggenkamp/Redgwell/I Del Guayo/Ronne (eds.): Energy Law in Europe, (2007), ref. 9130 pp.

  9. 9.

    See: Pielow, Nouvelles compétences dans la politque de l’energie et Services d’interêt general in Cremer/Puttler/ Rosetto/Berramdane (eds.), Quel avenir pour l’intégration européenne? Regard croisé franco-allemand sur le traité de Lisbonne (2010) p. 2.; See Direction Générale de l'Énergie et des Matières Premières Observatoire de l'Économie de l'Énergie et des Matières Premières, Observatoire de l'Énergie (November 2006) on: http://www.botschaft-frankreich.de/IMG/energie_frankreich.pdf and also International Energy Agency, Executive summary and Key recommendations for Energy Policies of IEA Countries - France (2010), p.1: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/France2009sum.pdf

  10. 10.

    See: Ehricke/Hackländer, Europäische Energiepolitik auf der Grundlage der neuen Bestimmungen des Vertrages von Lissabon, ZEuS (2008), p. 573, 580 and supra note 3: Kuhlmann, p. 10.

  11. 11.

    Cf. Kahl (supra note 7): EuR (2009), p. 605.

  12. 12.

    Cf. Kuhlmann (supra note 3), p. 10 and supra note 9, Pielow, p. 3.

  13. 13.

    See: supra note 3, Streinz/Ohler/Herrmann, p. 87 pp and Art. 2 para. 2 TFEU together with clarification No. 18 for the distinction of competences and protocols on the exercise of shared competence.

  14. 14.

    See: Kahl, supra note 7, p. 600, 609 and supra note 3, Kuhlmann, p. 25.

  15. 15.

    See: Pielow (supra note p. 9), p. 7.

  16. 16.

    See in this sense and within the German doctrine e.g. supra note 7, Kahl, p. 600, 609, who supports that in result, the new Art. 194 TFEU does not promote more substantial content than there was in the past legal position - it is a kind of just a declaratory provision, because the former existing competences in the TCE were also very wide in scope. Same opinion: Calliess, Sinn, Inhalt und Reichweite einer europäischen Kompetenz zur Energieumweltpolitik in Cremer/Pielow (eds.) Probleme und Perspektiven im Energieumweltrecht (2009), who notes that the EU has not been a “Has-not in energy politics“ before the entering into force of the TFEU, p. 43.

  17. 17.

    See: supra note 15, Calliess, p. 49.

  18. 18.

    See: supra note 15, Calliess, p. 49 and supra note 10, Ehricke/Hackländer, p. 594p; Fischer, Energie- und Klimapolitik im Vertrag von Lissabon: Legitimationserweiterung für wachsende Herausforderungen, integration (2009), p. 50, 52.

  19. 19.

    See: supra note 15, Calliess, p. 49 and supra note 7, Kahl, p. 607 as well as supra note 3, Kuhlmann, p. 21.

  20. 20.

    See: supra note 3, Kuhlmann, p. 21.

  21. 21.

    By contrast, only the regular “qualified” majority is adequate, when it comes to general or exclusive measures dealing with energy policy. See: supra note 7, Kahl, p. 611.

  22. 22.

    See: supra note 9, Pielow, p. 7.

  23. 23.

    See: supra note 7, Kahl, p. 615 and supra note 3, Martenczuk, p. 36, 38.

  24. 24.

    See: supra note 7, Kahl, p. 611 and supra note 3, Kuhlmann, p. 18.

  25. 25.

    See also protocol no. 2: Amending the Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, OJ C 306 p. 199 of 17.12.2007 “Recalling the necessity that the provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community should continue to have full legal effect”; Lisbon Treaty Art. 4 para. 2.

  26. 26.

    See especially: Art. 101 TEAEC.

  27. 27.

    Proposal for a regulation concerning measures to safeguard security of gas supply and repealing Directive 2004/67/EC. Now Regulation 994/2010/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 concerning measures to safeguard security of gas supply and repealing Council Directive 2004/67/EC, OJ 2010 12.11.2010 L 295/1.

  28. 28.

    Compare: compare ibid, p. 6 recital (4), 8 recital (23) and especially Art. 1 “subject matter”.

  29. 29.

    Compare: compare ibid, p. 9, recital 30.

  30. 30.

    See: Schmidt-Preuß, Energieversorgung als Aufgabe der Außenpolitik? - Rechtliche Aspekte, Recht der Energiewirtschaft, RdE (2007), p. 283p.

  31. 31.

    Compare: Vedder/Lorenzmeier in Grabitz/Hilf (eds.) Das Recht der Europäischen Union, (2008), ref: 33.

  32. 32.

    Compare: supra note 3, Kuhlmann, p. 26.

  33. 33.

    Hohaus, Entwicklungsperspektiven in Düppe/Lüder/Raap/Wagener (eds.), Barmherzigkeit zwischen den Waffen-Festschrift für Andreas von Block-Schlesier, p. 122.

  34. 34.

    Karl in: Danner/Theobald, Energierecht (2009), book 1, ref. 44 p.

  35. 35.

    Supra note 34, Hohaus, p. 122.

  36. 36.

    See: supra note 3, Kuhlmann, p. 25, who tends to rely on other legal bases than on the new Art. 194 TFEU in the future, when it comes to agreements and legal acts concerning the external relations in the field of energy law.

  37. 37.

    See Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, COM (2006) 105 final p.14pp, Brussels 08.03.2006.

  38. 38.

    Supra note 2, COM (2008), 781 final, p.7pp.

  39. 39.

    From the Commissions point of view, speaking with one voice does not mean a single Community representative for external issues, but effective planning and coordination to ensure a commonality of both action and message at Community and Member State level. Supra note 2, COM (2008), 781 final, p.10.

  40. 40.

    See Dembinski, EU-Außenbeziehungen nach Lissabon, Das Parlament (2010), http://www.das-parlament.de/2010/18/Beilage/002.html

  41. 41.

    Supra note 2: Hobe, p. 219, 231; supra note 3: Kuhlmann, p. 26.

  42. 42.

    See supra note 18: Fischer, p. 58 debates for instance the participation in the building of the Nabucco – Pipeline or of the North-Stream Pipeline between Russia and Germany.

  43. 43.

    Directive 96/92/EC of 19 December 1996 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, OJ L 27, 30.01.1997.

  44. 44.

    Directive 98/30/EC of 22 June 1998 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas, OJ L 204/1, 21.07.1998.

  45. 45.

    In concrete terms: Directive 2003/54/EC of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, OJ L176/37, 15.07.2003, and directive 2003/55/EC of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas, OJ L176/57, 15.07.2003.

  46. 46.

    A merely toned down version of this clause is existing in the current package: the acquisition of control is still possible for third countries, if they fulfill the same standards that apply to all the other Member States, see Gundel/Germelmann, Kein Schlussstein für die Liberalisierung der Energiemärkte: Das Dritte Binnenmarktpaket, EuZW (2009), p. 769.

  47. 47.

    See for all: Pielow and Ehlers, Ownership Unbundling and Constitutional Conflict: A Typical German Debate?, in: European Review of Energy Markets, vol. 6 (2008), p. 55 and pp.; more broadly Ehlers, Electricity and Gas Supply Network Unbundling in Germany, Great Britain and The Netherlands and the Law of the European Union: A comparison, 2010.

  48. 48.

    See: OJ, L 211, Vol. 52, of 14. August 2009.

  49. 49.

    Directive 2003/87/EC of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, OJ L 275, 25.10.2003.

  50. 50.

    Directive 2004/101/EC of 27 October 2004 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol’s project mechanisms, OJ L 338/18, 13.11.2004.

  51. 51.

    See also Directive 2009/29/EC of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community, OJ L 140/64, 05.06.2009.

  52. 52.

    Directive 2009/125/EC of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products, OJ L 285/10, 31.10.2009.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Mining and Energy Law, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Johann-Christian Pielow & Britta Janina Lewendel

  2. Law of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Institute for Mining and Energy Law, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Johann-Christian Pielow

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  1. Johann-Christian Pielow
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Correspondence to Johann-Christian Pielow .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Finance, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Netherlands

    André Dorsman

  2. , Economics, Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Nettelbosje 2, Groningen, 9747 AE, Groningen, Netherlands

    Wim Westerman

  3. , Business Administration, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, 06800, Turkey

    Mehmet Baha Karan

  4. , Business Administration, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, 06800, Turkey

    Özgür Arslan

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Pielow, JC., Lewendel, B.J. (2011). The EU Energy Policy After the Lisbon Treaty. In: Dorsman, A., Westerman, W., Karan, M., Arslan, Ö. (eds) Financial Aspects in Energy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19709-3_9

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