Abstract
As children are increasingly exposed to robots, it is important to learn more about the social interaction and bond that may develop between robots and children. In this paper we report the development of an interactive tool to measure children’s attitudes toward social robots for children ages 6-10. A first version of the KidSAR instrument was tested and a pilot study was carried out to evaluate and improve the design of the KidSAR (Children’s Social Attitude toward Robots) tool. The pilot study involved a small scale field experiment assessing whether children feel more social connection with a robot in a caring role compared with a role where it needed to be taken care of. The final KidSAR tool was developed after evaluation of children’s responses and observation of children using the tool.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Mayer, R.E.: Multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press, London (2001)
LIREC, Living with Robots and Interactive Companions, http://www.physorg.com/news127309914.html
EMCSR, European Meeting on Cybernetics and System Research, http://emotion-research.net/workshops_folder/workshop.2009-09-24.1282062421
Aron, A., Aron, E.N., Smollan, D.: Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of personality and social psychology 63, 596–612 (1992)
Hu, P.J.H., Clark, T.H.K., Ma, W.W.K.: Examining technology acceptance by school teachers: a longitudinal study. Information and Management 41, 227–241 (2003)
Dautenhahn, K.: Roles of robots in human society, implications from research in autism therapy. Robotica 21, 443–452 (2003)
Dautenhahn, K.: Robots as social actors: Aurora and the case of autism. In: Proc. CT 1999, The Third International Cognitive Technology Conference, San Francisco, pp. 359–374 (August 1999)
Dautenhahn, K.: Getting to know each other, artificial social intelligence for autonomous robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 16, 333–356 (1995)
Dautenhahn, K., Woods, S., Kaouri, C., Walters, M.L., Koay, K., Werry, I.: What is a robot companion, friend, assistant or butler? In: Intelligent Robots and Systems, August 2-6 (2005)
Kanda, T., Hirano, D., Eaton, H.: Interactive robots as social partners and peer tutors for children, a field trial. Human Computer Interaction 19, 61–84 (2004)
Fong, T., Nourbakhsh, I., Dautenhahn, K.: A survey of socially interactive robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 42, 143–166 (2003)
Robinson, W.P.: Children’s understanding of the distinction between messages and meaning. Policy Press, Cambridge (1986)
Nass, C.I., Steuer, J., Tauber, E.: Computers are social actors. In: CHI 1994, Conference of the ACM/SIGCHI, Boston MA (1994)
Roth, I.: Introduction to psychology, vol. 1. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates in association with The Open university, Mahwah (1990)
De Ruyter, B., Saini, P., Markopoulos, P., van Breemen, A.J.N.: Assessing the Effects of Building Social Intelligence in a Robotic Interface for the Home. Interacting with Computers 17, 522–541 (2005)
Paiva, A., Dias, J., Sobral, D., Aylett, R., Sobreperez, P., Woods, S., Zoll, C., Hall, L.: Caring for Agents and Agents that Care, building Empathic Relations with Synthetic Agents. In: Proceedings of the Third IJCAA and Multiagent Systems, New York, pp. 194–201 (2004)
Bates, J.: The nature of character in interactive worlds and the oz project. Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University (1992)
Kaplan, F.: Free creatures, the role of uselessness in the design of artificial pets. In: Proceedings of the 1st Edutainment Robotics (2000)
Heerink, M., Krose, B., Wielinga, B., Evers, V.: Human–robot user studies in eldercare: lessons learned. In: ICOST. Belfast. pp. 31–38 (2006)
Bowlby, J.: Attachment and Loss, vol. 1. The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, London (1969)
Wimmer, H., Gruber, S., Perner, J.: Young children’s conception of lying. Developmental Psychology 21, 993–995 (1985)
Bretherton, I.: Attachment Theory, retrospect and prospect monographs of the society for research in child development. Growing points of attachment theory and research 50, 3–35 (1985)
Nomura, T., Suzuki, T., Kanda, K.K.: Measurement of anxiety toward robots. In: Proc. the 15th IEEE RO-MAN, pp. 372–377 (2006)
Nomura, T., Suzuki, T., Kanda, T., Kato, K.: Altered attitudes of people toward robots: Investigation through the Negative Attitudes toward Robots Scale. In: Proc. AAAI 2006 Workshop on Human Implications of Human-Robot Interaction, pp. 29–35 (2006)
McCroskey, J.C., Teven, J.J.: Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement. Communication Monographs 66, 90–103 (1999)
Nass, C., Moon, Y., Fogg, B., Reeves, B., Dryer, C.: Can Computer Personalities Be Human Personalities?. CHI 1995 Mosaic of Creativity (1995)
McCroskey, J.C., McCain, T.A.: The measurement of interpersonal attraction. Speech Monographs 41, 261–266 (1974)
Eisenhower, D., Mathiowetz, N.A., Morganstein, D.: Recall error: Souces and bias reduction techniques. In: Measurement errors in surveys, pp. 127–144. Wiley, New York (1991)
Holoday, B., Turner-Henson, Q.A.: Response effects in surveys with school- age children. Nursing Research, Methodology Corner 38, 248–250 (1989)
Bickmore, T.: Friendship and Intimacy in the Digital Age. In: MIT Media Lab. MAS 714 - Systems & Self., December 8 (1998)
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B., Davis, F.D.: User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly 27, 425–478 (2003)
Marsh, H.W., Craven, R.G., Debus, R.: Self-concepts of young children 5 to 8 years of age: Measurement and multidimensional structure. J. Educ. Psychol. 83, 377–392 (1991)
Benson, J., Hovecar, D.: The impact of item phrasing on the validity of attitude scales for elementary school children. Journal of Educational Measurement 22, 231–240 (1985)
Hanna,L., Risden,K., Alexander,K.: Guidelines for usability testing with children. Interactions September/October (1997)
Krosnick, J.A., Fabriger, L.R.: Designing rating scales for effective measurement in surveys. In: Survey measurement and process quality, pp. 199–220. Wiley, New York (1997)
Borgers, N.: The influence of child and question characteristics on item-nonresponse and reliability in self-administers questionnaires. In: SMABS-Conference, Leuven (1998)
Borgers, N., de Leeuw, E., Hox, J.: Children as respondents in survey research: cognitive development and response quality. Bulletin de methodologie Sociologique 66, 60–75 (2000)
Van Hattum, M.J.C., De Leeuw, E.D.: A disk by mail survey of pupils in primary schools, data quality and logistics. Journal of Official Statistics 15, 413–429 (1999)
Turkle, S.: A Nascent Robotics Culture: New Complicities for Companionship. AAAI Technical Report Series (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 ICST Institute for Computer Science, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Veenstra, D.N., Evers, V. (2011). The Development of an Online Research Tool to Investigate Children’s Social Bonds with Robots. In: Lamers, M.H., Verbeek, F.J. (eds) Human-Robot Personal Relationships. HRPR 2010. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 59. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19385-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19385-9_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19384-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-19385-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)